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Summary Chemical equilibrium
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Summary of 6th chapter from Chemical Principles: Zumdahl and Decoste. Notes containing key concepts from the chapter and thorough explanations of the terminology. Also includes formulas and relevant course-related information.

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  • Chapter 6
  • July 19, 2019
  • 3
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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Chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is the state at which the concentrations of all reactants and products
remain constant with time.

6.1 Equilibrium condition

 No net change in the concentrations of the products or reactants.
 Increasing the concentration of products causes the reaction to go backwards,
producing more reactants.
 The equilibrium position is determined by the concentration of reactants/products,
relative energies of reactants/products, and the “relative degree of organization” of
reactants and products.
 Nature tries to achieve minimum energy and maximum disorder.
 The rates of reaction also come into play as some reaction may appear to be in
equilibrium but simply take more time to react. (Example: Haber process)

6.2 Equilibrium constant

 Law of mass action:
- jA + kB   lC + mD
- Equilibrium expression:
C l Dm
K= j k
A B
- K constant is known as Equilibrium Constant
- Guldberg and Waage found this relationship through empirical scientific
observations.
 Characteristics of equilibrium expression:
- The equilibrium equation for a reaction written in reverse is the reciprocal of the
original equilibrium expression.
- When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by a factor “n”, the
equilibrium equation for the new reaction is the original expression raised to the
“n”th power. Thus Knew = (Koriginal)n
- The apparent units for K are determined by the powers of the various
concentration terms. The apparent units for K therefore depend on the reaction
being considered.
 The equilibrium constant stays the same for a reaction at a certain temperature,
independent of the number of moles being added.
 Equilibrium concentration =/= Equilibrium constant.
 Equilibrium position is the equilibrium constant of a reaction at a specific
temperature.




6.3 Equilibrium expressions involving pressure

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