Liberal nationalism Conservative nationalism Expansionist nationalism Post-colonial nationalism
Rousseau promoted a sense of ‘rational’ political The state is an organic structure, over a rational one, When nationalism becomes the whole history and Following the horrors of WW2 and criticisms of
nationalism, underlined by a need for self- where it is rooted in its past and its emotional unity, destiny of a nations, it can lead to expansionism – imperialism, nationalism say a decline in the
determination. Humans naturally fall into nations, mythical regression OR preserving status quo maximise the national interest at the expense of west, but, amongst colonised nations, it
and these nations should seek self-determination, to other nations i.e. Africa 1800s and its natural became an ideology for emancipation,
decide the direction of their state under the Nationalism is used as a tool to bring the classes resources – no respect for sovereignty freedom and rebellion, throwing off the
rational divides of the nation (nation-state) and together and work together as a society in the shackles of oppression.
popular self-government (the ‘general will’), national interest – one-nation conservatism – closely A sense of racial / national superiority within
underlining consent and liberty of choice as well as linked to patriotism and a sense of pride in one’s Europe, there was a need to ‘civilise’ the masses, Main strand is Marxist, although usually seen
linked to natural rights as highlighted by Locke - the nation and therefore there was colonialism and as internationalist ideology, Marx’s rejection
right to self-determination and participation, imperialism, which was also nurtured by an of capitalism and imperialism made the
achieving national freedom, freedom from foreign There are also imperialistic overtones, many entitlement to the land of the racially inferior combination an ideology of freedom - putting
control i.e. Austro-Hungary, and of individuals traditional conservatives preferred militaristic and the nation’s economy to work for the nation,
dynastic rule. In Germany especially, driven by the This was the case with Nazi Germany which sought through state control and interventionism,
As was the case for Mazzini and his nationalistic romantic movement, nationalism looked to a ‘golden’ ‘lebensraum’ (living space) from the Polish people was a way of exerting power against rampant
‘young Italy’ unification movement, promulgating mythical ‘regressive’ era during the medieval epoch. It – they were entitled to it due to their superior free trade, which was dominated by previous
that individual liberty is synonymous with state emphasises unity in cultural, historical and linguistic race: to be a true ‘Volk’ you needed to be of the colonial masters, and economic imperialism
liberty and self-determination - republicanism and romantic roots, as was the case with Herder who Aryan descendance, regressing to an ideal past from international capitalism. This is often
democracy as opposed to irrational, autocratic rule rejects liberal nationalist ideas of universalism: during time of the Teutonic Knights, in line with associated with isolationism and nativism, as
universal rights and freedoms. He focuses on language Maurras’ irrational belief in integral nationalism is the case in North Korea.
Rousseau promulgated civic and political as a key element of unity forming the ‘volksgeist’
nationalism (≠cultural), stressing the unity of people (national spirit), a point of relative inherent cohesion Can be associated with Pan-nationalism i.e. Pan- Though, there was often no racial or ethnic
through ‘core values’ of a nation i.e. ‘British values’: and emotional organic attachment to traditional Africanism, promulgated by Marcus Garvey, basis for being part of the nation, thus, it was
democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, tolerance national values and institutions (cultural, linguistic, emphasising the romantic shared historic supported by many African nations whose
and respect – a nation is open to all races, ethnic or religious nationalism) experiences of the black people that they are all boarders did not reflect ethnic or tribal
commanded by the ‘general will’, bound by a sense united under, a collective conscience, taken boundaries. They tried to build a state without
of patriotism, often for the liberal principles of a Conservative nationalism seeks to protect the key further by Malcolm X denoting much more racialist a nation. Rousseau would see issues with this,
nation -nationhood and statehood are inextricably institutions of the state which express the soul of the views, as African people being racially superior, as he would argue that without the
linked – so are democracy and participation nation i.e. the Church, Monarchy and military, which pre-dating the white races. foundational unity from a nation, a state
form national unity and are based on emotion. could not maintain unity (correct, evident in
Inexorably linked to multiculturalism, pluralism, Contrasts to conservative nationalism in that they civil war in Africa)
cosmopolitanism (inclusive), the national identity Liberals emphasise the state over nation, comprised have a nativist or isolationist approach, with prime
(flexible) is not connected to romantic ideas of of the constitution and rights. In conservative focus their own national, while expansionism is Though, Castro, in Cuba, created a strong
tradition, culture and ethnicity, rather, the nation is nationalism, they emphasise the nation over the state, wants global dominance & intervention, BUT, can political identity to counter the lack of
a neutral pallet of agreed norms and values, bound and its linguistic and cultural roots. The state is be associated with it if there are deep chauvinistic national distinctiveness due to colonialism
by civic nationalism, seeing core liberal values of subservient to nation for the purpose of serving the and racialist elements involved, encouraging racial (socialism becomes national identity)- and can
individualism, tolerance and free expression as the people and the national interest / general will as conquest and militarism, spread of national values be associated with leadership cults, i.e.
basis for national unity, in non-racial and non-ethnic stated by Rousseau, whereas for liberals, the nation is Contrasts to liberal nationalism and the idea of Mugabe in Zimbabwe, where the leader
ways, no racial distinction. a way of buttressing the state, and the nation serves sovereign nation-states interacting together becomes a source of national identity.
Nationalism is a force for economic and social the state and its principles of tolerance and liberty. peacefully on equal footing Susceptible to dictatorship in the national
