Summary
Summary Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography second edition - arid environments
- Module
- Arid environments
- Institution
- CIE
A summary regarding hot arid and semi arid environments aimed at A2 geography students
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weather
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weathering resistant rock behind
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↳ ↳ as the surface area increases the rate of
weathering also
hard rocks weather more slowly than softer rock
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Lo if rock is into ii.er Joints are lines of Weick 're in rocks
MINERAL e CHEMICAL COMPOSITION is important as to the extent to a large bro . in s.tn pieces weathering of .
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this allows into
which the rock will be weathered and the product of this the rock happens much faster water vi. organising
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the rock will be worn down .
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roots of
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chemical processes of
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to the ↳ hydration late to porosity ) if a large rock is broken into
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he
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ftp.adf/HEIFHF → the more lines of
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because smatter rock has more weakness Curia the
a
total surface
some minerals weather
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the
surface area to volume than a
area is following more vegetation =
quickly such as feldspar (in .
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disintegration
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granite ) whilst others like
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→ amount of water available influences the rate of
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sufficient be available arid
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water can i.in .
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the direction a slope faces affects the temperatures it is exposed to on
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daily and Annie basis ☒ F'$D⑧U FETA .
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VEGETATION may well be denser facing
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ways f the rock a-rich the
accelerating encouraging chelation action
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and or root mineral surfaces that will be
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exposed to the ctnerniieat .
and mechanical processes
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MATERIAL '
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,At ☒ E- ☒ Of § qq.MU AEOLIAN 2 erosion all processes:
•** - abrasion Frequency of
PROCESSES
- deflatiom the wind
Nature of the
exfoliation : when the surface it
WHAT CAUSES MECHANICAL regolith (product
layers are heated to a much Wind
WEATHERING IN HOT DESERTS? greater degree than the interior of weathering)
velocity
- extremes of temperature of the rock, and stress in these be p
- exposed rock surfaces can FACTORS THAT
layers cause it to peel off
heat up to 80 degrees c AFFECT WIND
A
granular disintegration : different
- daily cycle of expansion and EROSION
☐ minerals within the rock have Lithology of
contraction different properties and therefore ° the rocks
Processes or mechanical weather: expand and contract at different Wind
direction
E.
- exfoliation rates, eventually breaking down the A
- granular disintegration rock Vegetation
- shattering present
- block separation shattering : some rocks simply i
f
..
.
shatter as a result of the constant
block separation : occurs in jointed rocks with prominent cycle of expansion and
contraction eg. Basalt
bedding planes eg. Limestone. The rocks break down into HOW DOES THE WIND CARRY THE SAND?
blocks along these lines
suspension : finest
STRONG WINDS IN DESERTS: :
material (diameter of
_→•
wind
- deserts are located between the equator and 30 degrees north and south less than 0.15mm)
- these winds are heightened because of the lack of vegetation carried in the wind
- wind carries particles but because of their weight, only in the lower areas
- the highest area of erosion is below 30cm
- softer material erodes at a faster rate due to the different layers of can hop up to 2m saltation : grains of sand
resistance of rock caught in wind and moved
• • • • along through bouncing
SAHARA
(Medium sized) Too big to
- located at 25 degrees north
be totally blown by the wind
- at 30 degrees north Cairo is located
(high pressure zone
surface creep : too heavy to
- the equator is a low pressure zone
AE BE AE be lifted into the air by the
- the harmattan winds blow from high -
- - - -
- -
-
-
wind so instead are pushed
to low
or rolled along the surface
- these are the trade winds
, .
Example : the Mukurob in
④ ☒ P④BÉ⑥Ma
Namibia collapsed in
••D•$ña•☒••* December 1988 due to an
earthquake in Armenia
DESCRIBE
-@fd¥au
- aka sand blasting - an isolated, residual or erosion along
- sand is being blasted at rocks and scrapping the rock mass of rock
- supported or balanced on a pedestal
rd
resistant
away and carving it into shape rock
- isolated masses or rock above and
- most effective at about 30cm (main area of saltation)
±ÉÉ→_←oo
resting on a smaller base or pedestal
above ground - mushroom shape
- different resistances of rock cause differential erosion - tall structure of rock
*
7-
- top heavy
- can talk about cracks in rock (if seen)
☒ ANDHRA @ATG . EXPLANATION z
greatest
to
near
ground
Landform formed by wind erosion
- causes due to the iii.didijeuion =-3
sattationzone_dAE-BBB@3.i.ab
=
prevailing wind blowing
- formed mostly by abrasion §
- this is through sand blasting
from one main direction - alternating layers of resistance
- one side is eroded by - erosion is greatest under 30cm (zone On given diagrams, see if there is any
corrosion of saltation) debris beneath which has been
- then the stone is turned - describe saltation/suspension/
face weathered by block disintegration
'
over and another side is surface creep
worked on
⑧BBÉIe
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w¥:¥a%n
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- form where there are vertical
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÷÷÷
: - occur in areas with resistant
layers of hard and soft rock
aligned to the direction of
prevailing wind
÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷÷•÷E÷z¥za
- a yardang is generally sloping
rock and less resistant rock on its stoss side
in horizontal layers - steep on its lee side
i &
- joints are exploited
- the less resistant rock is
more eroded than the more direction of prevailing winds
a.
-&⇐¥:D
resistant rock
- procures a ridge and furrow "÷ ""
rocky mass ←¥F¥n¥u%r landscape - once the soft rock has been
.
eroded, the only way the hard
les Stant
[ rock can be eroded is through
less resistant rock trough
undercutting
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