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Discovery of DNA + RNA Molucles :
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Structure was discovered by Watson + Crick in 1953
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They won the Nobel Prize for their work ☐::•IggG⑨tz@
In 1953 Rosalind Frank helped didn't get Prize
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discover , but died and a nobel
structure of DNA :
Contains ---o←
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instructions for making proteins from 20 different amino acids
Appears as chromatin when the cell is not dividing
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Makes up chromosomes in the nucleus
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Subunits DNA called nucleotides
•
of
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Nucleotides contains a
phosphate a
Deoxyribose sugar , 1 nitrogen base CAT Cor G)
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
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sugar .
base pairs phosphate
backbone
s carbon sugar - d "" "" "
p ••
A : ::::: T •
A phosphate group
g
, Hydrogen
t••*•A nitrogen base
s
N bas
- bonds
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Nucleotide •••• T : ::::: A
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Base Pairing Purine bonds to
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means a a
s
C
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a Pyrimidine
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Base pair
g •
Example A : - - T
-
and C - - -
G
single nucleotide
•• G : : : : : :c
, s
BEGGAR S
Nucleotide
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structure DNA :
Steps Containing bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds
•
or
rungs
of DNA made of 4 Nitrogen -
•
Purines (double carbon -
nitrogen rings) include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
•
Pyrimidines (single carbon -
nitrogen rings) includes thymine G) and cytosine (c)
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Phosphate group
g. Carbon sugar -00dB
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Weak H bond
, DNA Replication :
Occurs two of original DNA if
•
during Interphase -
makes exact copies the .
not ,
a mutation occurs
1. The double helix unwinds and flattens out
2. An enzyme .
DNA helicase unzips the strand ,
at the weak hydrogen bond this exposes the
Nitrogen bases
3. Free nucleotides in the nucleus bond to the expose bases ,
following the base
pair ruling
-
G -
C and A T Another enzyme DNA
-
.
,
polymerase will be responsible
for recapping the strands
4. The base pairing continues until the entire strand has their complement Whfrf IS DNA FOUND 8
5. Now there are two identical strand of DNA
•
Found in nucleus + cytoplasm
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1-124
linkages
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y × y Xy X y y y1 od y , Phosphate
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group
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DNA only DNA & RNA RNA only ¥9s
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g§§g§
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between DNA
Messager
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to
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N
II and ribosomes and carries out protein
y to +.
↳ Synthesis
Thyptnine
H
Adenine Guanine
cytosine uracil •
DNA is too
large to
get out of the
nucleus RNA to it's
Uses bring
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OH
city the for
µ_y -0-1+-1
to the rest of cell
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message
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Protein synthesis
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Phosphate OH OH
2-
Deoxyribose Ribose
3. Life at Molecular ,
Cellular and tissue level → DNA .
the code to life Two nucleic Acids are :
1. Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
"
2nudeiAidRNA
" "
Molecules
"
W of life
Nucleic acids called or Most extraordinary molecules on Earth
Control
•
Cellular Activity
Development
•
of organisms
" "
↳
Done by Controlling the synthesis of Proteins
first step making Proteins
•
"
"
W Proteins make up structures , ENZYMES
much are proteins
Controlling Chemical Processes
•
inside cell
↳ Thus , control structure + Functioning of all Living organisms
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Proteins
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Controlling synthesis of
Enzymes
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f o
control
making up chemical
structure of processes inside
body cells
to stores info that controls cellular activity t development of
entire
organisms
W Controls structures 1-
functioning
of
living organisms
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Genetic replication
DNA Replication Base Pairing : A = T
C =
6
*
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If 2 strands separate
B-•
yq each would serve
• = Adenine
as
BBB * LG HB HB B. • mg
a template for a
• •
• =
Thymine
• •
MMB
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Cytosine
•G
=
Mr
Mqgzq
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, complementary new chain
Guanine
Replicate)
•
B- GB (ie each strand could
•
.
z•
Francis Crick
Sydney Brenner
1-
•
Triplet code was used in reading genetic material in DNA 1- transferring info from Nucleus
to RNA to
cytoplasm via where Proteins are made
•
In DNA ,
form is function : Double -
stranded molecule could both Produce exact copies of itself
( replicate) 1- Carry genetic instructions
ie
Sequence bases form info be stored and
.
of in DNA a code
by which genetic can
transmitted
where is DNA found ?
•
mainly in the Nucleus of the cell
•
Forms Part of the Chromosomes that make up the
chromatine network
-
Chromatin =
Chromosomal material made up of DNA tRNA
1- histone Proteins found cell
as in a non
dividing
-
•
DNA molecule is coiled so that these long structures
can fit inside the nucleus
•
I 2
metres DNA in a cell
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