Understanding Human Communication Test Bank.

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Human Communication Test Bank. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Adapt to the communication circumstances and setting. a. Self b. Others c. Content d. Context e. Structure 2. The textbook defines communication as the process of using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, and channels. Which term in this definition refers to where, when, with whom, and under what circumstances you communicate? a. messages b. meaning c. context d. cultures e. channels 3. According to your textbook, you listen to the equivalent of a book a day, you speak about a book a week, you read the equivalent of a book a month, and you write a book a. every two months. b. every six months. c. every year. d. every five years. e. every ten years. 4. A study by the Business-Higher Education Forum listed strong as the most important skill area for college students preparing for a career. a. oral communication skills b. written communication skills c. listening skills d. computer skills e. proficiency in your field of study 5. You generate meaning when you a. speak. b. write. c. create visual images. d. listen, read, and react to messages. e. do all of the above. 6. Your textbook presents seven basic elements of human communication. The first elements on that list is a. purpose b. others c. self d. content e. expression 7. The Guiding Principles of Human Communication a. are verbal and nonverbal messages that generate meaning. b*. focus on strategies that describe how to communicate and why certain communication strategies succeed or fail. c. are self-evident or universally recognized truths or beliefs. d. are axioms proving that communication is personal, relational, and intentional. e. are theories, strategies, and skills. 8. Which element of human communication is expressed in the axiom “Communication is symbolic”? a. others b. expression c. context d. content e. structure 9. Josh realizes that his presentation to a group of young men at a juvenile detention center will be difficult. He decides that they are more likely to take his advice if he shares past experiences from his own juvenile run-ins with the law. What element of communication has Josh taken into account as he prepares his talk? a. Expression b. Structure c. Others d. Purpose e. Context 10. What axiom does the Guiding Principle “Organize message content” address? a. Communication is personal. b. Communication is intentional. c. Communication is contextual. d. Communication is structured. e. Communication is symbolic. 11. Sidney tells his wife his attempt to repair the lamp he broke has failed and that it will have to be trashed. His wife says “thanks a lot.” Sid knows that his wife is not pleased. Which communication axiom is illustrated in this scene? a. Communication is intentional. b. Communication is symbolic. c. Communication is irreversible. d. Communication is structured. e. Communication is retractable. 12. The communication element expression asks a. Which channels are most appropriate given your purpose and content? b. What skills will improve your ability to deliver your message? c. How effectively do you convey and listen to verbal and nonverbal messages? d. How can practice help you prepare to communicate effectively? e. All of the above 13. Kentry knows that he is respected and trusted by his friends. Thus, he feels confident that he can get them to change their mind about going downtown after midnight. What is the primary communication element operating in this scenario? a. Self b. Others c. Context d. Content e. Expression 14. The question “What do you want others to know, think, believe, or feel as a result of communicating with them” is answered by addressing the communication element of a. expression. b. structure. c. self. d. purpose. e. others. 15. The psychosocial context of communication includes a. the cultural environment in which you live. b. the place where you will be interacting with others. c. the setting and occasion of a communicative act. d. the number of people with whom you communicate. e. none of the above. 16. The logistical context of communication refers to a. the cultural environment in which you live. b. your emotional history, personal experiences, and cultural background. c. the time, place, setting, and occasion in which you will interact with others. d. whether communication occurs one-to-one, in groups, or between a speaker and an audience. e. interpersonal, group, and presentational communication. 17. According to your textbook, communication refers to the interaction of three or more interdependent people who interact for the purpose of achieving a common goal. a. intrapersonal b. interpersonal c. group d. presentational e. mediated 18. You are driving down the highway and want to stop for a bite of lunch. On the horizon you see golden arches and a sign that reads “McDonalds.” You are reacting to the axiom that communication is a. relational. b. symbolic. c. contextual. d. structured. e. personal. 19. Linear models of communication a. include the concepts of noise and feedback. b. function in only one direction: a source creates a message and sends it through a channel to reach a receiver. c. recognize that we send and receive messages simultaneously. d. illustrate the interrelationships among the key elements of human communication. e. all of the above. 20. Fred wants to let his girlfriend Wilma know how much he loves her but he can’t decide whether he should send her flower, take her to dinner, or send her a love letter. Fred is wrestling with a decision about a. decoding. b. feedback. c. noise. d. channel. e. source and receiver. 21. A corporate CEO relates that when he fumbled his way through a speech and started to ramble, he noticed that he was losing listeners and then became even more unnerved. The CEO was reacting to a. encoding. b. the channel. c. feedback. d. noise. e. the context. 22. Randy watches the Super Bowl game with his friends at a neighborhood party. Lucky Levar has tickets and goes to the game. When they see each other the next day, Randy complains that it was “no contest” while Levar thinks the game was thrilling. What is the most likely communication- related reason Randy and Levar experienced the game differently? a. They supported different teams. b. They received the game through different channels. c. There was more noise at the Super Bowl party. d. Fan feedback was missing at the Super Bowl party. e. Randy and Levar always disagree about football. 23. If you are thinking about your upcoming vacation plans rather than listening carefully to your friend’s problem, you are preoccupied by a. encoding. b. internal noise.* c. external noise. d. internal feedback. e. external feedback. 24. The encoding process can be described as a. the way in which you feel about others. b. the process of minimizing internal noise. c. effective listening. d. converting a “code” sent by someone else into a meaningful message. e. the decision-making process by which you create messages that generate meaning. 25. As you are making a presentation you notice that audience members are scowling and talking to one another as you speak. What component of the communication process are you noticing? a. source b. message c. feedback d. noise e. channel 26. Statements that explain or predict how people communicate are a. theories. b. strategies. c. skills. d. resources. e. rules. 27. In Latin, the word credo means a. “I believe.” b. “I mean.” c. “I am.” d. “I create.” e. “I accuse.” 28. Theories answer why; strategies answer what; skills answer how; and ethics answers questions. a. who b. where c. when d. whether e. all of the above 29. Aristotle’s “doctrine of the mean” suggests that when you face an ethical decision, you should a. be kind and considerate to others. b. tell the truth. c. select an appropriate response somewhere between two extremes. d. defend the rights of others to speak even if you disagree with them. e. not tolerate bigotry. 30. In applying the seven elements of human communication to the NCA Ethics Credo, what actions would be called for when considering the ethics of content? a. Use valid information and opinions to support your ideas. Respect privacy and confidentiality. b. Strive to understand and respect others before evaluating their messages. c. Promote a climate of caring and mutual understanding. d. Openly express your personal convictions. e. Condemn intolerance and deception. 31. Which principle in the NCA Credo for Ethical Communication is violated if a close friend shares your most intimate secrets with people you don’t know or like. a. We advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. b. We strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. c. We promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential. d. We advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality. e. We are committed to the courageous expression of personal conviction in pursuit of fairness and justice. TRUE/FALSE 1. T F In the textbook’s definition of communication, the term contexts refers to the predominant characteristics, attitudes, and behavior of the communicators. 2. T F Intellectual communication refers to how you analyze and appropriately respond to pubic and mediated messages. 3. T F Intellectual communication refers to how you analyze and evaluate the meaning of multiple and complex messages in an ever-changing world. 4. T F Axioms are self-evident or universally recognized truths or beliefs. 5. T F The axiom “Communication is Intentional” is represented by the basic element of Self. 6. T F The axiom “Communication is Relational” is represented by the basic element of Others. 7. T F Guiding principles answer questions about how to communicate and why certain communication strategies succeed or fail. 8. T F When you’re not fully conscious of your intentions, your communication does not generate any meaning to others. 9. T F A process is a set of constantly changing actions, elements, and functions that bring about a result. 10. T F Given the textbook’s definition of culture, a rancher from Texas and a microbiologist from Massachusetts can come from different cultures. 11. T F Intrapersonal communication refers to the way in which you communicate within your self about your self to your self. 12. T F According to the textbook, there are three types of communication contexts to consider: psychological, structural, and temporal. 13. T F Mediated communication refers to any communication in which some “thing” exists between communicators. Mass communication is mediated communication between a person and a large, often unknown audience. 14. T F Generally, there are two sources of noise: external and internal. 15. T F Encoding is the decision making process by which you create messages that evoke meaning. 16. T F A soft speaking voice can create noise in a communication transaction. 17. T F Decoding is the decision-making process by which you create and send messages that generate meaning. 18. T F Transactional communication models recognize that we send and receive messages simultaneously. 19. T F Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Effective People, states that a genuine habit requires knowledge, skills, and desire. 20. T F The ethical guiding principles recommends promoting a climate of caring and mutual understanding the element of context in human communication. CHAPTER 2 Understanding Self MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the seven elements and guiding principles of human communication reflects your ability to develop messages that communicate confidence and a positive personal impression? a. Others b. Context c. Content d. Structure e. Expression 2. Three major components of intrapersonal communication include a. elements, axioms, and models b. perception, self-concept, and confidence c. relationships with family, friends, and intimates d. interaction with one, three, or five other people e. feedback, noise, and channels 3. Which answer best explains why Valerie liked the film The DaVinci Code while Vincent disliked it? a. Valerie is a woman and Vincent is a man. b. Valerie is a democrat and Vincent is a republican. c. Valerie and Vincent have different perceptions. d. Valerie and Vincent do not communicate well. e. Valerie and Vincent are sister and brother. 4. If Emma daydreams while her instructor is lecturing, what stage has she skipped in the three-step perceptual process? a. Selection b. Organization c. Interpretation d. Synthesis e. Evaluation 5. Which of the following answers best represents a significant factor that influences your interpretation of people or events? a. Past experience b. Knowledge c. Expectations and attitudes d. Relational involvement e. All of the above 6. As a member of the varsity team, Deidre believes she’s a better soccer player than anyone on the intramural teams. What factor has influenced Deidre’s belief about her self? a. Reference groups b. Significant others c. Roles d. Rewards e. Personal memories 7. While waiting to buy movie tickets, Brent sees three friends leaving the theatre. They are laughing hysterically. Brent assumes that the film must be very funny. What organizational principle of perception is Brent using? a. Proximity Principle b. Simultaneous Principle c. Closure Principle d. Simplicity Principle e. Complexity Principle 9. The answer to all of the following questions can help you avoid self- fulfilling prophecies EXCEPT a. What predictions am I making about the behavior of others? b. Are these predictions justified? c. What am I doing to elicit the predicted response? d. What other behaviors could help avoid fulfilling my prophecy? e. Why can’t I compete with others who do the predicted behavior? 10. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Test identifies beliefs that affect how you see yourself. Which of the following statements would indicate a low self- esteem? a. I take a positive attitude toward myself. b. I have a number of good qualities. c. I am able to do things as well as most other people. d. I sometimes feel useless. e. I have a lot to be proud of. 11. Which of the following items describes someone who is a high self- monitor? She or he a. feels awkward in company. b. has never been good at games like charades. c. can only argue for ideas which she or he already believes. d. can change behavior to suit different people and situations. e. does not change opinions or behaviors to please others or win their favor. 12. If you are willing to stand up for yourself in appropriate ways to fulfill your needs, you are practicing a. self-acceptance. b. self-responsibility. c. self-assertiveness. d. purposeful-living. e. personal integrity. 13. If you identify short-term and long-term goals and develop an action plan to achieve them, you are practicing a. self-acceptance. b. self-responsibility. c. self-talk. d. purposeful-living. e. personal integrity. 14. Shad Helmstetter writes that “if the strongest messages we receive about ourselves from the outside world are stored and acted on as though they’re true, then we should be doubly careful what kind of messages we give ourselves.” One way of listening to such messages is to practice a. self-acceptance. b. self-fulfilling prophecies. c. self-talk. d. purposeful-living. e. personal integrity. 15. When you go beyond thinking about what you ought to or should do and actually do “the right thing,” you will feel more self-assured because you are practicing a. self-acceptance. b. self-responsibility. c. self-assertiveness. d. purposeful-living. e. personal integrity. 16. All of the following steps can help you apply the Golden Rule EXCEPT: a. Understand how another person may perceive a situation, particularly if his or her perception may differ from your own. b. Imagine how you might feel if placed in another person’s situation. c. Do unto others as you believe they deserve. d. Try to find solutions that would be appropriate and just from someone else’s perspective. e. Make decisions and act based on what you think would be right if you were in the other person’s place. 17. The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons is referred to as a. self-concept. b. feedback. c. communication apprehension. d. social tension. e. confidence. 18. Highly apprehensive people a. are less intelligent than other people. b. are less hard-working than other people. c. are more intelligent than other people. d. are more likely to be seen as leaders. e. may communicate very effectively. 19. What percent of the general population experiences very high levels of communication apprehension? a. 10 % b. 20 % c. 30 % d. 40 % e. 50 % 20. Which of the following descriptions is likely to be true of a person experiencing a high level of communication apprehension? a. Apprehensive people talk more. b. Apprehensive people focus on what they have to say rather than on their internal feelings. c. Apprehensive people feel comfortable engaging in conflict with others. d. Apprehensive people are perceived as less confident and assertive than others. e. All of the above. 21. When using systematic desensitization as a method of reducing communication apprehension, you begin by trying to relax while visualizing a nonthreatening communicative act. Which of the following situations would be a good choice for your initial visualization? a. You are introducing yourself to a group in which you are the only new member. b. You have been appointed the chairperson of a meeting. c. You are having a casual conversation with a coworker before a meeting. d. You have been asked to make a presentation, but do not have enough time to prepare. e. Your boss has just asked you a difficult question. 22. A friend of yours experiences very high levels of communication apprehension. You know this is true because you hear her say things like “I know I’ll bomb on the oral report” or “I can’t stand up for myself when I talk to Jim or Barbara.” Which of the following strategies would you recommend to help your friend reduce her communication apprehension? a. Relax b. Cognitive restructuring c. Visualization d. Systematic Desensitization e. Practice 23. Carlos is about to make an important presentation. He admits he is very nervous and hopes that he remembers to avoid saying “and uh” or “um” as he speaks. Which of the following fears probably underlies his communication apprehension? a. Fear of failure b. Fear of the unknown c. Fear of others d. Fear of breaking the rules e. Fear of the spotlight 24. Which answer is the best example of a positive self-talk replacement for the negative self-talk statement “I think I’m going to fail this test.” a. This test is too difficult and too long for me to finish in the amount of time I’ve been given to take it. b. I should have read the textbook more carefully. c. The instructor didn’t tell us self-talk would be on the test. d. I understand the concept of self-talk and should be able to figure out the right answers. e. This is a well-written exam that demonstrates the complex challenge of understanding self. TRUE/FALSE 1. T F Intrapersonal communication refers to communication within yourself about yourself to yourself. 2. T F In terms of the seven elements and guiding principles of human communication, your perceptions of structure affect how you use your voice and physical behavior to enhance your confidence and personal image. 3. T F Optical illusions illustrate the figure-ground principle of perception. 4. T F Your self-concept reflects cultural categories such as age nationality, race, religion, and gender (as in “I am an 18-year old male Muslim”), rather than personality, characteristics and traits. 5. T F Daniel Goleman, author of Emotional Intelligence, identifies self-awareness as the keystone of emotional intelligence. 6. T F If you dye a ripe strawberry blue, it’s likely to smell strange too. 7. T F Violent people often act the way they do because they suffer from unearned low self-esteem. 8. T F Communication apprehension occurs only in public speaking situations. 9. T F Communication apprehension has significant effects on the amount of talk, the content of communication, and the resulting perceptions of other people. 10. T F According to researchers, many North Americans fear public speaking more than they fear death. 11. T F There is nothing you can do to help someone who suffers from high levels of communication apprehension. 12. T F A person’s level of communication apprehension is similar in all contexts. 13. T F As a result of talking less, apprehensive speakers are often viewed as less confident, less assertive, and less responsible. 14. T F You may be able to reduce your level of communication apprehension by paying careful attention to the positive feedback you see from others—a nod, a smile, an alert look. 15. T F You may be able to reduce your level of communication apprehension by concentrating on yourself—how you sound and look—rather than on your message. 16. T F Self-appraisals are evaluations of your self-concept in terms of your abilities and behaviors. CHAPTER 3 Understanding Others MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Combine cultural knowledge with mindful observations to set your communicative goal? a. Self b. Others c. Purpose d. Context e. Content 2. During the 1990s, were the fastest growing racial/ethnic group. a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Hispanic/Latino Americans d. European Americans e. Native Americans 3. Which of the following groups would be considered a co-culture? a. American Indian tribes b. Hispanic/Latino Americans c. Irish Americans d. Arab Americans e. All of the above 4. According to your textbook, people who believe that their culture is better than other cultures or that their culture should be the role model for other cultures would be classified as a. ethnocentric. b. discriminatory. c. prejudiced. d. stereotypical. e. racist. 5. If you have biased beliefs about a group of people that are not based on direct experience and firsthand knowledge or have irrational feelings of dislike for certain groups, you would be classified as a. racist. b. stereotypical. c. ethnocentric. d. discriminatory. e. prejudiced. 6. In a collectivist culture a. there is greater readiness to cooperate with others. b. individual uniqueness is an important value. c. independence is worth pursing. d. personal achievement is rewarded. e. None of the above is characteristic of a collectivist culture. 7. Collectivist cultures place greater value on a. uncertainty. b. esteem and self-actualization. c. personal freedom. d. collaboration and cooperation. e. competition. 8. In low power distance cultures a. people accept differences in power as normal. b. people believe that all people are created equal. c. people of privilege and wealth have much more power. d. people accept and rarely challenge authority. e. the government, corporations, and religious authorities may dictate rules of behavior and have the power to ensure compliance. 9. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance a. take risks. b. tolerate nonconformity. c. view rules and regulations as restricting and counterproductive. d. believe that “What is different, is dangerous.” e. believe that “What is different, is curious.” 10. In high context cultures messages are a. implicit. b. explicit. c. objective. d. factual. e. direct. 11. In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people a. accept change as part of life. b. view rules and regulations as restricting and counterproductive. c. tolerate and even value nonconformity. d. see conflict and competition as natural. e. want predictability and clear rules of behavior. 12. There are more monochronic cultures in a. Central and South America. b. Asia. c. southern Africa. d. northern Europe and north America. e. northern Africa. 13. There are more collectivist cultures in a. Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. b. Central and South America. c. Italy, Denmark, and Sweden. d. The United States and England. e. Holland, Belgium, and France. 14. In masculine societies, a. men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. b. men are supposed to focus on material success. c. women are supposed to be modest and tender. d. women are supposed to be more concerned with the quality of life. e. All of the above are common in masculine cultures. 15. Which of the following cultural dimensions is ranked very high in the United States? a. Individualism b. Collectivism c. High power distance d. Low power distance e. High context 16. According to Hofstede, the people of Malaysia, Guatemala, the Philippines, and Mexico live in a(n) culture. a. individualistic b. high power distance c. low power distance d. feminine e. monochronic 17. People who share beliefs such as “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot,” or “Seeing is better than hearing,” would be characterized as members of a culture. a. individualistic b. high context c. polychronic d. low uncertainty e. high power 18. According to Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, the United States can be classified as a nation. a. collectivist, low power distance, feminine, low uncertainty avoidance b. individualistic, high power distance, masculine, high uncertainty avoidance c. individualistic, low power distance, masculine, high uncertainty avoidance d. individualistic, low power distance, masculine, low uncertainty avoidance e. collectivist, low power distance, feminine, low uncertainty avoidance 19. According to Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, which country is ranked #1 in terms of masculine values? a. U.S.A. b. Japan c. Italy d. Mexico e. Israel 20. High uncertainty avoidance is characterized by beliefs that a. uncertainty is a normal feature of life. b. assertiveness is a valuable skill. c. deviant ideas and behavior should be suppressed. d. there should be no more rules than are strictly necessary. e. people in positions of power should be compassionate. 21. Which cultural dimension would be characterized by the following components: (1) Subordinates should be consulted; (2) Privileges and status symbols are frowned upon, (3) Parents treat their children as equals, and (4) Teachers expect students to express their opinions in class? a. Individualism b. Collectivism c. Uncertainty Avoidance d. Low Power Distance e. High Power Distance 22. Which of the following statements would be made by someone from a low context culture? a. I rely on facial expressions to interpret what other mean. b. Feelings are a valuable source of information. c. I try to maintain harmony in my communication with others. d. I like to be accurate, clear, and direct when I talk to others. e. I communicate in an indirect fashion. 23. A study of college students found that, even in the mid-1990s, African Americans were described as lazy and loud, and Jews were described as shrewd and intelligent. These beliefs are examples of a. ethnocentrism. b. stereotyping. c. discrimination. d. racism. e. negative self-talk. 24. Numerous studies searching for scientific proof of biological differences among racial groups have reached the following conclusion: a. There are only three races identifiable by testing DNA: European, African, and Asian. b. 99.9 percent of DNA sequences are common to all humans. c. The human species, homo sapiens, had its origins in China. d. There are only three pure races: European, African, and Asian. e. All of the above are true. 25. Which of the following religions is the oldest? a. Catholicism b. Islam c. Judaism d. Buddhism e. Christianity 26. Two concepts covered in Chapter 2, Understanding Self, can help you promote mindfulness. They are: a. emotional intelligence and assertiveness. b. perception checking and self-talk. c. self-concept and self-monitoring. d. selection and organization of perceptions. e. communication apprehension and stage fright. 27. Which of the following answers describes an Asian way of thinking (rather than a Western way of thinking)? a. Allows for logical contradictions b. Insists on the correctness of one belief vs. another c. Puts things in discrete categories d. Tries to control objects, events, and environments e. Focuses on discovering the basic and predictable nature of objects 28. Howard Giles’ Communication Accommodation Theory a. advocates mindfulness. b. contrasts Western and Asian ways of thinking. c. explains why collectivist and individualistic cultures have difficulty reaching agreement. d. claims that when another group is attractive and powerful, we adapt our communication to their speech behavior and norms. e. contends that ethnocentrism and stereotyping leads to racism. TRUE/FALSE 1. T F More than 50 percent of the people living in California are nonwhite. 2. T F* Geneticists have discovered that different races can be identified by their chromosomes. 3. T F All humans belong to the same species, homo sapiens, which had its origins in Africa. 4. T* F In the United States, whiteness is a culture. 5. T F A culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people. 6. T F Most of the world’s population lives in collectivist cultures. 7. T F American Indian tribes, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Asian Americans, Arab Americans, Irish Americans, and members of large and small religious groups are all examples of co-cultures. 8. T F People in polychronic cultures adhere to plans, schedules, and deadlines because time is valuable. 9. T F To someone from a collectivist culture, a U.S. communicator’s style and behavior may be viewed as selfish, arrogant, antagonistic, power-hungry, ruthless, and impatient. 10. T F In collectivist cultures, there is greater readiness to cooperate with group members. 11. T* F Members of low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to live day to day. They see conflict and competition as natural and dissent as acceptable behavior. 12. T F Members of high-context culture tend to speak more, speak louder, and speak more rapidly than people from low-context cultures. 13. T F Islam is a monotheistic religion (belief in one God) just like Christianity and Judaism. 14. T F Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s major religions, dating back more than 3,000 years. 15. T F Muted Group Theory claims that because powerful, wealthy groups at the top of U.S. society determine who will communicate and be listened to, women, the poor, and people of color have trouble participating and being heard. 16. T F Germany and Switzerland are high-context cultures. 17. T F Polychronic-time people are frequently late for appointments or may not show up at all. 18. T F* People from low-context cultures may prefer more information- rich technologies (such as videoconferences), as well as those that offer the feeling of social presence. CHAPTER 4 Understanding Listening and Critical Thinking MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Listen for the meaning of both verbal and nonverbal messages. Separate facts from inferences and analyze the validity of arguments. a. Others b. Purpose c. Context d. Content e. Structure 2. The ability to understand, analyze, respect, and respond to the meaning of another person’s spoken and nonverbal messages defines a. feedback. b. listening. c. self-centered listening. d. the golden listening rule. e. critical thinking. 3. Studies have found that listening occupies of a college student’s communicating time. a. less than 10 percent b. less than 30 percent c. more than 50 percent d. more than 70 percent e. about 95 percent 4. According to Ralph Nichols, without listening training most people listen at efficiency. a. 15 % b. 25 % c. 35 % d. 45 % e. 55 % 5. How can you prepare to listen to someone who will be giving a presentation or speech? a. Learn something about the topic. b. Identify your own listening goals. c. Prepare questions in advance and ask them if needed. d. Share what you’ve heard with someone else. e. All of the above 6. You have gone to hear an expert speak about the American Disabilities Act and its implications for the workplace. Your primary goal during the presentation is to make sure you understand what the speaker has to say about the law. What type of listening should be your focus? a. Analytical listening b. Empathic listening c. Comprehensive listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 7. Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, provides a definition of habit that also describes effective communication. In Covey’s opinion, habits require a. theories, methods, and tools. b. analytical, empathic, and appreciative listening. c. being proactive, beginning with the end in mind, and putting first things first. d. knowledge, skills, and desire. e. thinking win/win, seeking synergy, and “sharpening the saw.” 8. Suppose most members of your work group want to hold a meeting on Saturday morning. Nicole seems upset. You want to understand how she feels about the proposed meeting. When she explains her concerns, you should use a. analytical listening. b. empathic listening. c. comprehensive listening. d. appreciative listening. e. discriminative listening. 9. Two of your cousins recommended different dates for the annual family reunion. Which type of listening will help you decide which suggestion to support? a. Analytical listening b. Empathic listening c. Comprehensive listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 10. You are trying to listen to your professor explain a complex theory that will be on the next exam. Unfortunately, you are highly congested from a head cold and are having trouble hearing what the professor is saying. Which type of listening is giving you a problem? a. Analytical listening b. Empathic listening c. Comprehensive listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 11. What type of listening enables you to acknowledge a speaker’s effective use of language, ability to use humor, and skillful presentation of arguments? a. Analytical listening b. Empathic listening c. Comprehensive listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 12. Good listeners use their extra thought speed to a. summarize main ideas. b. take word-for-word notes. c. plan how to confront the speaker. d. engage in side conversations. e. daydream. 13. is the ability to restate what people say in a way that indicates you have understood what they mean. a. Self-listening b. Taking notes c. Appreciative listening d. Paraphrasing e. Discriminative listening 14. Which of the following statements represents the best paraphrase of “if we don’t get this job done on time, the boss will be furious”? a. Who cares? We’re doing the right thing. Right? b. Don’t worry. As long as we stick together we’ll be okay. c. You seem very concerned about the boss’s reaction to completing this project on schedule. Am I right? d. You don’t have any confidence in our group’s ability—or do you? e. How do you know the boss will be furious? 15. What type of listening enables you to form appropriate opinions about the content of a message? a. Comprehensive listening b. Empathic listening c. Analytical listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 16. What type of listening enables you to understand and identify a person’s feelings or motives? a. Comprehensive listening b. Empathic listening c. Analytical listening d. Appreciative listening e. Discriminative listening 17. Analytical listening can be improved by a. recognizing persuasive strategies. b. evaluating persuasive strategies. c. maintaining a strong belief in your own position. d. Both a and b. e. All of the above 18. Appreciative listening can be improved by a. setting aside time for appreciative listening. b. preparing to listen appreciatively. c. welcoming opportunities to hear something challenging. d. Both a and b. e. All of the above 19. Good listeners use their extra thought speed productively. They do all of the following EXCEPT: a. Identify and summarize main ideas. b. Pay extra attention to nonverbal behavior. c. Analyze arguments. d. Assess the relevance of a speaker’s comments. e. Listen for specific facts and unusual statistics. 20. When Ralph Nichols wrote “We must always withhold evaluation until our comprehension is complete,” which listening strategy was he describing? a. Listen for Big Ideas b. Overcome Distractions c. “Listen” to Nonverbal Behavior d. Listen Before You Leap e. Help Others Listen 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of paraphrasing? a. It is the ability to restate what a person has said. b. It is a form of feedback. c. It is the ability to repeat exactly what a person has said. d. It usually includes a request for confirmation. e. It can be used for many purposes. 22. refers to the degree to which you match the importance of and emotions in a speaker’s message in your response. a. Paraphrasing content b. Paraphrasing depth c. Paraphrasing meaning d. Paraphrasing language e. Paraphrasing nonverbal 23. Suppose Julia says, “Among other things, I have an important exam coming up and I’m worried that, given my busy work schedule, I won’t have enough time to study.” Responding with, “You seem to be very upset about doing well on the exam” would be an inaccurate paraphrase because a. it responds to only one example, instead of responding to Julia’s larger problem of coping with a busy work schedule. b. you are repeating the exact words Julia said. c. you have not matched Julia’s depth of feeling given how important this exam is to her future and her hopes of getting a better job. d. All of the above would be effective paraphrases. 24. Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is represented in Part I of the following argument? I. Joan would be a good group leader. II. Good leaders have effective communication skills. III. Joan took a communication course last year. a. Claim b. Data c. Warrant d. Backing e. Reservation 25. Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is indicated by words in a claim such as “likely,” “possibly,” or “probably”? a. Reservation b. Data c. Warrant d. Backing e. Qualifier 26. The community should enact a curfew for all juveniles.” This statement is an example of a claim of a. fact b. procedure c. policy d. value e. fiction 27. Some of your colleagues have suggested that the company sponsor an annual picnic rather than a more formal annual dinner. John disagrees with the others because the company has held a formal dinner every year for more than ten years. Which fallacy of argument could be attributed to John’s comment? a. Attacking the person b. Appeal to authority c. Appeal to popularity d. Appeal to tradition e. Faulty cause 28. “Our group is the best in the class.” This statement is an example of a claim of a. fact. b. conjecture. c. policy. d. value. e. procedure. 29. Arguments that contend that something will or will not happen are claims of a. fact. b. conjecture. c. policy. d. value. e. procedure. 30. Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument constitutes the evidence used to support a claim? a. Data b. Warrant c. Qualifier d. Reservation e. Backing 34. Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument recognizes exceptions to the argument? a. Data b. Warrant c. Qualifier d. Reservation e. Backing 35. Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument provides additional support for the argument’s warrant? a. Data b. Warrant c. Qualifier d. Reservation e. Backing TRUE/FALSE 1. T F Listening and hearing are the same thing. 2. T F Listening is our number one communication activity. 3. T F In the business world, many executives devote more than 60 percent of their workday listening to others. 4. T F Most people talk at about 125 to 150 words per minute. But most of us can think at five to ten times that rate. 5. T F Differences in listening skills, gender, personality types, and cultural backgrounds can affect your ability to listen. 7. T F Women are more likely to listen to the content of what is said, while men tend to focus on the relationships among speakers. 8. T F Personnel managers have identified effective listening as the most important communication skill. 9. T F Evaluating evidence while it is being presented interferes with good listening skills. 10. T F The golden listening rule is: Speak unto others as you would have them speak to you. 11. T F People from low context cultures are more likely “listen” and pay particular attention to the meaning of nonverbal behavior. 12. T F Paraphrasing is a form of feedback—a listening check— that asks, “Am I right—is this what you mean?” 13. T F According to your textbook, the phrasing of an effective paraphrase can vary in three critical ways: knowledge, emotion, and desire. 14. T F Ralph Nichols notes that the volume of notes taken increases their value to the note taker. 16. T F Good listeners adjust their note-taking system to a speaker’s style or impose a note-taking pattern on disorganized content. 18. T F A fallacy is an argument based on false or invalid reasoning. 19. T F The following fallacy is an example of an appeal to tradition: “Who are you to support our troops? As I recall, you were arrested at an anti-war demonstration in the early 1970s.” 21. T F The following fallacy is an example of a hasty generalization: “Five out of the seven people I’ve talked to on my street intend to vote for Ms. Kullen. I’m sure she’ll win.” RESEARCHERS CHAPTER 5 Understanding Verbal Communication MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which element of human communication is represented in the guiding principle: Monitor how the words you use affect how you think and generate messages. Recognize the inherent biases in your language. a. Self b. Others c. Purpose d. Context e. Content 2. Semantics is an academic discipline that studies a. the sounds used to produce language. b. the nonverbal elements in a language. c. the unintentional functions of a language. d. the various meanings of words and phrases in a language. e. the dialects and accents in language. 3. Researchers estimate that the first humans to speak language as we know it lived in East Africa about years ago. a. 50,000 b. 150,000 c. 500,000 d. 1 million e. 3 million 4. Language scholars C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards use a triangle to explain the three elements of language which are the: a. semantics, syntax, and significance of language. b. denotative, connotative, and abstract meanings of words. c. superordinate, basic, and subordinate meanings of words. d. person, the symbol (or sign), and the referent. e. encoding, decoding, and noise in language. 5. Defining a computer as “a programmable electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data” represents what type of meaning? a. Bypassing b. Denotation c. Connotation d. Abstract e. Jargon 6. If the word “computer” evokes a negative image of an increasingly complex software nightmare that frustrates and infuriates you, what type of meaning is influencing your response to the word? a. Bypassing b. Denotation c. Connotation d. Concrete e. Jargon 7. Which of the following is the best example of an abstract word? a. Textbook b. Table c. Computer d. Dictionary e. Fairness 8. Which of the following words is the most concrete description of another person’s behavior? a. Disruptive b. Rude c. Insensitive d. Burps e. Procrastinates 9. Which answer best represents the progression of a subordinate to basic to superordinate term? a. dog, animal, pet b. banana split, ice cream, dessert c. car, vehicle, Hummer d. music, opera, Carmen e. flower, plant, tulip 10. The specialized or technical language of a profession is referred to as a. denotative. b. dialects. c. concrete. d. abstract. e. jargon. 11. The words pencil and pen are examples of a. a superordinate term. b. a basic term. c. a subordinate term. d. an abstract term. e. a complex term. 12. The phrases No. 2 pencil, ballpoint pen, and yellow highlighter are examples of a. a superordinate term. b. a basic term. c. a subordinate term. d. an abstract term. e. a complex term. 13. If you are communicating with non-native speakers of English, be careful how you choose your words. You should do all of the following EXCEPT: a. keep you language clear and simple. b. display complete statements and full sentences on visual aids. c. use a more casual style of speaking d. avoid U.S.-specific colloquial expressions. e. avoid humor. 14. Linguist John McWhorter notes that many middle-class African Americans typically speak both Black English and Standard English, alternating between the two, often in the same sentence. This is an example of a. code switching. b. accents. c. bypassing. d. phatic language. e. jargon. 15. A euphemism substitutes a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one. Which of the following answers represents a euphemism? a. Powder room rather than toilet b. Darn rather than damn c. Slept with rather than had sexual intercourse with d. interrogation treatments rather than torture e. All of the above 16. Which of the follows answers describes one of the textbook’s techniques for reducing the amount of swearing in a person’s speech? a. Count the number of swear words you use every day. b. Put a dollar in a jar every time you swear. c. When you feel like swearing, use a euphemism. d. Only use mild swear words. e. Only use swear words with close friends. 17. All of the following answers describe a characteristic of oral language EXCEPT: a. Use short, simple sentences. b. Use short, familiar words. c. Use more informal, colloquial expression. d. Use more personal pronouns. e. Use compound sentences. 18. By using a word such as now to replace the five-word, seventeen-letter phrase at this point in time, you are using a. connotative language. b. denotative language. c. oral language. d. a euphemism. e. bypassing. 19. Which of the following statements avoids exclusionary language? a. Bill uses a wheel chair. b. Walter is a political extremist. c. Anne is a normal woman. d. Frank is a psycho. e. Grace is a cancer victim. 20. The specialized language of a homogeneous group is best known as a. gobbledygook. b. jargon. c. verbal efficiency. d. euphemisms. e. metaphors. 21. Which of the following sentences is expressed in a passive voice? a. Hermione served salmon at her party. b. Hermione bought fresh, farm-grown salmon at the grocery store. c. The salmon was contaminated. d. The contaminated salmon was eaten by everyone at the party. e. Everyone at Hermione’s party became ill. 22. Which of the following answers identifies the reason most people swear? a. Swearing is lazy language that’s easy to call on. b. Swearing can be fun if it’s used humorously or in the right company. c. Friends or colleagues at work do it. d. Swearing helps emphasize a point. e. All of the above 23. At a regular study group meeting, one member asks that everyone be able to “summarize the most important information in each chapter.” At the next meeting, another member distributes an outline of the textbook’s important concepts but wonders why no one else in the group has made the same effort. This misunderstanding is an example of a. failure to follow the rules of language. b. denotation. c. failure to interpret nonverbal behavior. d. bypassing. e. concrete words. 24. Deborah Tannen compares the differences between male and female communication to that of different cultures. She maintains that, in many situations, men and women use language differently. Men are more likely to a. use communication to maintain relationships and cooperate with others. b. leave out details in order to get directly to the point. c. include qualifiers and tag questions in their sentences. d. provide more supporting or explanatory details before getting to the point. e. speak tentatively. 25. The variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, syntax, and style that distinguish speakers from different ethnic groups and geographic areas are referred to as a. denotative. b. dialects. c. codeswitching. d. abstract. e. jargon. 26. Your textbook recommends all of the following steps for improving your use of language EXCEPT: a. Improve your vocabulary. b. Avoid offensive language. c. Avoid informal colloquial expressions. d. Use “I,” “You,” and “We” language. e. Use appropriate grammar. 27. In a 1946 speech, Winston Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent.” He was using a a. simile. b. metaphor. c. euphemism. d. passive voice. e. subordinate term. 28. The nations shall rush like the rushing of many waters (The Holy Bible, Isaiah, 17:13) is an example of a a. simile. b. metaphor. c. euphemism. d. passive voice. e. superordinate term. TRUE/FALSE 1. T F There are more than 5,000 languages spoken on this planet. 2. T F Language is an academic discipline that studies the nature and structure of human speech 3. T F A linguist is a scholar who studies the nature and structure of speech. 4. T F According to your textbook, the first humans to speak language as we know it lived in East Africa about 1 million years ago even though human ancestors lived about 2 million years ago in what is now Ethiopia. 5. T F Most North Americans learn to say yes or no when expressing their opinions; however, the Chinese, as a collectivist culture, usually use yes or no to express respect for the feelings of others. 6. T F The ability to follow the accepted rules of our language has very little influence on others’ perceptions of our intelligence and social status. 7. T F Denotation, rather than connotation, is more likely to influence how we respond to words. 8. T F Abstract words refer to an idea or concept that cannot be observed or touched. 9. T F The bird sitting on the perch is not just a finch, it’s an American Goldfinch with an injured wing. The phrase American Goldfinch with an injured wing is an example of a subordinate term. 10. T F Semanticist S. I. Hayakawa refers to denotation as “the aura of feelings, pleasant or unpleasant, that surround practically all words.” 11. T F Male speech is generally characterized as more direct and forceful than female speech. 12. T F In denotative language, a word always has only one meaning. 13. T F Superordinate terms are those with the highest level of concreteness. 14. T F Whorf Hypothesis contends that language reflects cultural models of the world, which, in turn, influence how the speakers of a language come to think, act, and behave. 15. T F Most research studies suggest that men talk as much as women do. 16. T F In general women tend to use more tag questions at the end of sentences (e.g., “don’t you agree?” “haven’t you?) than men do. 17. T F Codeswitching describes how, depending on the context, we often modify the way we use verbal and nonverbal communication to generate meaning. 18. T F Bypassing uses words that reinforce stereotypes, belittle other people, or exclude others from understanding an in-group’s message 19. T F A cliché is a trite or overused phrase that has lost its originality or force through overuse. 20. T F The use of jargon is always counterproductive in communication. 21. T F Dialects are distinct from the commonly accepted form of a particular language. 22. T F A consistent finding across several studies is that speakers of Standard American English are judged as more intelligent, ambitious, and successful, even when the judges themselves speak a nonstandard American dialect. 23. T F One of the best ways to move from evaluation to description is to substitute specific “I” statements for critical “you” statements. CHAPTER 6 Understanding Nonverbal Communication MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which basic element of communication is expressed in the following guiding principle: Organize nonverbal strategies to repeat, contradict, complement, accent, regulate, and substitute for verbal messages. a. Purpose b. Others c. Context d. Content e. Structure 2. Researchers suggest that percent of the meaning generated when interacting with others may be conveyed through nonverbal behaviors. a. 10 to 30 b. 30 to 40 c. 40 to 60 d. 60 to 70 e. 70 to 90 3. People who exhibit effective nonverbal communication skills tend to have a. more academic and occupational success. b. better social relationships. c. more satisfying marriages. d. less stress, anxiety, and hypertension. e. all of the above. 4. “When listening to someone, your facial expressions, posture, and body movement communicate meaning. If you are angry at a friend and decide not to speak to her, you are still communicating through your silence.” Which characteristic of nonverbal communication is illustrated in this example? a. Nonverbal communication is less structured. b. Nonverbal communication is learned informally. c. Nonverbal communication is highly contextual. d. Nonverbal communication is generally continuous. e. Nonverbal communication is more convincing. 5. Many people believe that nonverbal communication is a spontaneous expression of someone’s internal thoughts and feelings. Which characteristic of nonverbal communication is illustrated in this example? a. Nonverbal communication is less structured. b. Nonverbal communication is learned informally. c. Nonverbal communication is highly contextual. d. Nonverbal communication is generally continuous. e.* Nonverbal communication is more convincing. 6. Nonverbal communication provides you with messages about another person’s message by offering important clues about how to interpret the verbal portion of that message. These messages about messages are known as a. repetitious messages. b.* metamessages. c. co-messages. d. regulating messages. e. masking messages. 7. Research suggests that leakage cues (unintentional nonverbal behaviors) may reveal deceptive communication. Which of the following answers describes a leakage cue? a. Direct eye contact and smiles b. Carefully spoken words and phrases c. Higher pitch, vocal tension, and longer pauses d. Relaxed posture and carefully controlled physical movements e. All of the above 8. Identify the function of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal messages in the following example: When David asks Elaine whether she was able to buy any more of the on-sale Saran Wraps, she nods as she says “yes” while holding up three fingers and says “three.” a. Repeats the verbal message b. Contradicts the verbal message c. Accents the verbal message d. Regulates the verbal message e. Substitutes for the verbal message 9. Identify the function of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal messages in the following example: You say the words “I’m angry” with a loud volume, forceful gestures, and piercing eye contact. a. Repeats the verbal message b. Contradicts the verbal message c. Accents the verbal message d. Regulates the verbal message e. Substitutes for the verbal message 10. Identify the function of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal messages in the following example: Without saying anything, a wife may send a message to her husband about it being time to leave a party by establishing eye contact, nodding toward the front door, and standing up. a. Repeats the verbal message b. Contradicts the verbal message c. Accents the verbal message d. Regulates the verbal message e. Substitutes for the verbal message 11. Which communication theory explains the following nonverbal behavior: You enter a crowded elevator, turn around, refrain from talking or touching anyone, and stare at the numbers as they go up or down. a. Hall’s Low-High Context Theory b. Immediacy Theory c. Other-Oriented Theory d. Expectancy Violation Theory e. Hofstede’s Uncertainty Reduction Theory 12. When teachers are asked to evaluate black and white students who use a standard walk or the “stroll,” the results showed that most white teachers a. consider both white and black teenagers using the stroll lower in achievement than when they use the standard walk. b. consider white teens with a stroll even lower in achievement than black teens with a stroll. c. view teens with a stroll higher in aggression than when they use a standard walk. d. view teens with a stroll as more likely to need special education services. e. believe all of the above 16. Anthropologist Edward T. Hall identifies four zones of interaction used by most North Americans. Which of the following answers is NOT one of Hall's zones? a. Intimate distance b. Personal distance c. Social distance d. Business distance e. Public distance 17. What are the distance parameters most North Americans use when interacting with new acquaintances and strangers? a. 0 to 18 inches b. 18 inches to 4 feet c.* 4 feet to 8 feet d. 8 feet to 12 feet e. 12 feet to 15 feet 18. Members of most work groups interact with one another at Hall's a. intimate distance. b. personal distance. c.* social distance. d. business distance. e. public distance. 19. Identify the function of the following gesture: Your team has just won a game. You raise your index and middle fingers in a Victory sign. a. Emblem b. Illustrator c. Adaptor d. Intensifier e. Deintensifier 20. Identify the function of the following gesture: Horatio is in a rage because another driver has cut him off. As a result, Horatio speeds up so he’s next to the driver and raises his middle index finger in a gesture of anger. a. Emblem b. Illustrator c. Adaptor d. Intensifier e. Deintensifier 21. Identify the function of the following gesture: You hear tragic news and clasp your hand to your heart. a. Emblem b. * Illustrator c. Adaptor d. Intensifier e. Deintensifier 22. Identify the function of the following gesture: You can tell when Gretel is anxious. She grabs a hunk of her hair and twirls it around and around. a. Emblem b. Illustrator c.* Adaptor d. Intensifier e. Deintensifier 23. You textbook explains that tattoos and body piercings can affect a person’s credibility in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. Many people have negative impressions of employees who have tattoos. b. More than half of employees with tattoos or body piercings conceal them on the job. c. Despite the potential for negative impressions, tattooing and body piercing have become a popular trend, especially among adolescents and young adults. d. Tattoos and body piercings can have permanent and serious effects on a person’s health. e. Many people believe that people who have a large number of body piercings are not good hiring choices. 25. You would be categorized as a touch approacher if you a. seldom hug other people. b. are bothered when you see people hugging each other in public. c. like being touched by others. d. do not like touching other people. e. dislike group hugs.. 26. Which technique for adapting facial expressions is used in the following example? You may be thrilled that you have made the dean’s list, but downplay showing your excitement among friends who didn’t make the dean’s list. a. Masking b. Neutralization c. Intensification d. Deintensification e. Signification 27. Which technique for adapting facial expressions is used in the following example? You plaster a smile on your face when you hear that a colleague has been promoted to vice president, a job that you believed you would get. a. Masking b. Neutralization c. Intensification d. Deintensification e. Signification 28. Which technique for adapting facial expressions is used in the following example? When Iantha learns that her former boyfriend is dating her best friend, she conceals her consternation by shrugging her shoulders as if to say “it’s no big deal.” a. Masking b. Neutralization c. Intensification d. * Deintensification e. Signification 29. Which of the following nonverbal dimensions of context affect how you are likely to behave? a. Level of formality b. Amount of expressed warmth c. Level of privacy d. Distance between people e. All of the above 30. All of the following techniques can help you become more other-oriented EXCEPT: a. Listen to nonverbal messages by looking while you listen. b. Listen for meaning in a person’s tone of voice. c. Pay attention to another person’s facial expressions and gestures. d. Pay attention to distractions in a room. e. Pay attention to how someone dresses and shakes hands. TRUE/FALSE 1. T F Nonverbal communication refers to message components other than words that generate meaning. 2. T F A person’s tone of voice, eye contact, and physical proximity can tell you as much or more about their thoughts and feelings than the words they speak. 3. T F “Make use of appropriate immediacy strategies” is a guiding principle for the basic element of human communication of Expression. 4. T F Researchers suggest that more than 90 percent of the meaning generated when interacting with others is conveyed through nonverbal behavior. 5. T F Verbal and nonverbal communication are highly structured and governed by rules. 6. T F High-context cultures like those in Asia convey meaning primarily through nonverbal communication. 7. T F Each year approximately 1.5 million women and more than 800,000 men are victims of violence from an intimate partner such as a husband, wife, boyfriend, girlfriend, or date. 8. T F Paul Ekman, a leading researcher in deception and nonverbal communication, points out that a person’s eyes are the single facial expression or body movement that is a reliable sign that someone is telling a lie. 9. T F Overall, most people’s ability to accurately detect deception is equivalent to the flip of a coin: about fifty-fifty. 10. T F A mixed message is a contradiction between verbal and nonverbal meanings. 11. T F Waving hello or goodbye without saying anything is an example of the accenting function of nonverbal communication. 12. T F You can strengthen the meaning of a simple hello if your facial expression and tone of voice communicate genuine interest and pleasure in greeting someone. This is an example of the complementing function of nonverbal communication. 13. T F According to Expectancy Violation Theory, your expectations about nonverbal behavior have a significant effect on how you interact with others and how you interpret the meaning of nonverbal messages. 14. T F A study found that good-looking people tend to make more money and get promoted more often than those with average looks. 15. T F A survey found that 42 percent of people polled said that they have negative perceptions of employees who display tattoos or body piercings. 16. T F Gestures include hand, arm, head, and fo