ANATOMY NBME EXAM TEST 2023/2024

ANATOMY NBME EXAM TEST 2023/2024 Space from which epidural anesthesia and lumbar function are performed (depth) - CORRECT ANSWER-Subarachnoid space Vertebral level at epidural anesthesia and lumbar puncture are performed - CORRECT ANSWER-L3/L4 (or L4/L5) Level at which the spinal cord ends - CORRECT ANSWER-L2 Level to which the dural sac extends - CORRECT ANSWER-S2 Nerve root compressed by herniated lumbar disk - CORRECT ANSWER-One level below (e.g. L4/L5 compresses L5) Consequence of Lumbar herniation - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease in lower limb reflexes What causes lordosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Pregnancy, spondylolisthesis, Potbelly What causes Scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Poliomyelitis, Leg length discrepancy, Hip disease What causes Kyphosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Osteoporosis, disk degeneration Consequence of fracture of Surgical neck of Humerus - CORRECT ANSWER-Axillary nerve Consequence of fracture of midshaft of Humerus - CORRECT ANSWER-Radial nerve and origin of brachialis muscle Consequence of fracture of supracondylar region of Humerus - CORRECT ANSWERMedian nerve and brachial artery Consequence of fracture of medial epicondyle of Humerus - CORRECT ANSWERUlnar nerve Smith's fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Blow to dorsal aspect of flexed wrist causing anterior displacement of radius Coles' fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Force extension of hand (breaking a fall) causing dorsal displacement of distal radius and avulsed ulnar styloid process Synonym of Colle's fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Dinner fork deformity Cause of scaphoid fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Fall onto palm when hand is abducted Signs of scaphoid fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Pain on lateral side of wrist during extension and abduction, deep tenderness of anatomical snuffbox Boxer's fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Fracture of neck of metacarpal's : 2nd and 3rd for professionals, 4th and 5th for unskilled Cause of Mallet finger - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyperflexion of DIP joint Result of mallet finger - CORRECT ANSWER-Inability to extend DIP joint due to avulsion of extensor digitorum tendon to the base of the distal phalanx Region of shoulder joint where dislocation is most probable and reason - CORRECT ANSWER-Inferiorly due to the absence of rotator cuff tendon Synonym of Mallet Finger - CORRECT ANSWER-Baseball finger Muscle that abducts upper limb from 0-15 degrees and nerve - CORRECT ANSWERSupraspinatus, Suprascapular nerve Muscle that abducts upper limb from 15 - 110 degrees and nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-Deltoid, Axillary nerve Muscle that abducts upper limb from 110 - 180 degrees and nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-Trapezius, Spinal accessory nerve & Serratus anterior, Long thoracic nerve Cause of sub acromial bursitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Calcified supraspinatus tendinitis Symptoms of Sub acromial bursitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Painful arc of abduction Cause of Student's elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Repeated excessive pressure to the olecranon bursa Synonym of Student's elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Subcutaneous Olecranon Bursitis Synonym of Tennis elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Lateral Epicondylitis Cause of tennis elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Strain on the common extensor tendon and inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle Muscles affected by Tennis elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti mini, Extensor carpi ulnaris Synonym of Golfer's elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Medial epicondylitis Cause of Golfer's elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the common flexor tendon Muscles affected by Golfer's elbow - CORRECT ANSWER-Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi ulnaris Main arteries that provide anastomoses when subclavian or axillary are blocked (2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Thyrocervical trunk, Subscapular arteries Small arteries (branches) that provide anastomoses when subclavian or axillary are blocked (4) - CORRECT ANSWER-Subscapular, Suprascapular, Circumflex scapular, Transverse cervical Contents of cubital fossa from lateral to medial - CORRECT ANSWER-Biceps tendon, Brachial artery, Median nerve Subcutaneous structures of the cubital fossa from lateral to medial - CORRECT ANSWER-Cephalic vein, Median cubital vein, Basilic vein Site of venipuncture and reason - CORRECT ANSWER-Median cubital vein because content of cubital fossa protected by bicipital aponeurosis Cause of carpal tunnel syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Reduction of carpal tunnel size due to dislocation of lunate bone, fluid retention, infection Clinical manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Anesthesia of lateral 3.5 digits, Palm sensation not affected (Superficial palmar cutaneous), Absence of opposition Synonym of upper brachial palsy - CORRECT ANSWER-Erb-Duchenne Cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase in the angle of the neck and shoulder or birth injury due to forceful pulling of infant's head which leads to injury of the upper roots and trunks (C5 and C6) Nerve's injured in Erb-Duchenne palsy - CORRECT ANSWER-Axillary, Suprascapular, Musculocutaneous Signs of Erb-Duchenne palsy - CORRECT ANSWER-Waiter's tip: loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the UL, adducted shoulder, Medial rotation of arm, Extension of elbow Synonym of lower brachial palsy - CORRECT ANSWER-Klumpke paralysis Cause of Klumpke paralysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Injury to the lower roots and trunk (C8-T1) due to UL being pulled superiorly (grabbing support while falling, birth injury) Pathology associated with Klumpke paralysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Thoracic outlet/Horner syndrome Lesion to what nerve causes Claw hand - CORRECT ANSWER-Ulnar nerve Lesion to what nerve causes Ape hand - CORRECT ANSWER-Median nerve Signs of Klumpke paralysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Combination of Claw hand and Ape hand, Loss of sensation on medial side of UL and medial 1.5 fingers Cause of injury to musculocutaneous nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-Lesions of the lateral cord Signs of injury to the musculocutaneous nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-Weakened flexion and supination, anesthesia over the lateral aspect of forearm REVIEW SLIDE 27 - CORRECT ANSWER-REVIEW SLIDE 27 Succession of vessels or cardiac catheterization - CORRECT ANSWER-Femoral, External iliac, Common iliac, Aorta, Left ventricle, (coronary artery) Main fracture seen in elderly women with osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Femur neck fracture Signs of fracture of femoral neck - CORRECT ANSWER-Shortness and lateral rotation of LL Treatment for fracture of femoral neck - CORRECT ANSWER-Hip replacement Cause of avascular necrosis of femoral head - CORRECT ANSWER-Trans cervical necrosis disrupting blood supply to retinacular arteries of the medial circumflex femoral artery Foot drop - CORRECT ANSWER-Lack of dorsiflexion Flail drop - CORRECT ANSWER-Lack of both plantarflexion and dorsiflexion Signs of sciatic nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Foot drop, Flail drop, Weakness in hip extension and knee flexion Causes of sciatic nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Improper gluteal injection, Posterior hip dislocation Most common type of hip dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER-Posterior hip dislocation Anatomical changes seen in hip dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER-Fracture of ischium and tearing of ischiofemoral ligament Sings of posterior hip dislocation - CORRECT ANSWER-Medial rotation and shortening of LL Cause of superior gluteal nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Posterior hip dislocation Signs of superior gluteal nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Trendelenburg sign: paralysis of gluteus minimums and Medius leading to contralateral pelvis to drop Causes of inferior gluteal nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Posterior hip dislocation, Surgery Signs of inferior gluteal nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Inability to climb stairs or stand from a seated position Causes of Obturator nerve injury - CORRECT ANSWER-Anterior hip dislocation, Radical retropubic prostatectomia Signs of injury to obturator nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-Difficulty adducting thigh, decreased sensation over upper medial thigh Region and muscles related to avulsion fractures of the hip - CORRECT ANSWERIschial tuberosity - Hamstring muscles Hamstring muscles - CORRECT ANSWER-Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus Nerve that supplies the hamstrings - CORRECT ANSWER-Tibial and common fibular (SHBF) action of hamstrings - CORRECT ANSWER-Flexion of knee, extension of hip Region of Femoral hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-Inferior to inguinal ligament, through femoral ring, into femoral canal, seen as bulging inferolateral to pubic tubercle into the saphenous hiatus Danger during surgical repair of femoral hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-Cutting Aberrant obturator artery Unhappy triad - CORRECT ANSWER-Medial/Tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, Anterior cruciate ligament