Lifespan Development Psychology Test 1 (Ch 1-4) Questions With Complete Solutions

lifespan development correct answer: the scientific study of development through life developmentalists correct answer: researchers and practitioners whose professional interest lies in the study of the human lifespan normative transitions correct answer: predictable life changes that occur during development non-normative transitions correct answer: unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development cohort correct answer: the age group with whom we travel through life emerging adulthood correct answer: The phase of life that begins after high school, tapers off toward late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life average life expectancy correct answer: A person's fifty-fifty chance at birth of living to a given age stages of aging correct answer: prenatal period (conception to birth) infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3) childhood (ages 3-12) adolescence (12 to 18) emerging adulthood (18 to late 20's) adulthood (20 to 65) late adulthood (65 to death) maximum lifespan correct answer: The biological limit of the human life (about 105 years) socioeconomic status (SES) correct answer: a basic marker referring to status on the educational and -especially- income rungs collectivist cultures correct answer: societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement individualist cultures correct answer: societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success theory correct answer: any perspective explaining why people act the way they do. Theories allow us to predict behavior and also suggest how to intervene to improve behavior nature correct answer: biological or genetic causes of development nurture correct answer: environmental causes of development behaviorism correct answer: [cognitive behaviorism (social learning theory)]- a behavioral worldview that emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about reinforces determine our behavior. Cognitive behaviorists focus on charting and modifying people's thoughts attachment theory correct answer: theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species' survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life self-efficacy correct answer: according to cognitive behaviorism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in that face of failures, and predicts the goals we set modeling correct answer: learning by watching and imitating others evolutionary psychology correct answer: theory or worldview highlighting the role that inborn,species-specific behaviors play in human development and life behavior genetics correct answer: field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behavior twin studies correct answer: behavioral genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people) adoption studies correct answer: behavioral genetic strategy , designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents evocative forces correct answer: the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people bidirectionality correct answer: the crucial principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions person-environment fit correct answer: the extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal Erikson's psychosocial tasks correct answer: in Erik Erikson's theory, each challenge that we face as we travel through the eight stages of the lifespan Piaget's cognitive developmental theory correct answer: Jean Piaget's principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of intellectual growth assimilation correct answer: occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences accommodation correct answer: occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account developmental systems approach correct answer: an all encompassing outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of theories, and the idea that all systems and processes interrelate correlational study correct answer: a research strategy that involves relating two or more variables representative sample correct answer: A group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population naturalistic observation correct answer: A measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors self-report correct answer: A measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires true experiment correct answer: The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome cross-sectional study correct answer: A developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time longitudinal study correct answer: A developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years Quantitative Research correct answer: Standard developmental science data-collection strategy that involves testing groups of people and using numerical scales and statistics Qualitative Research correct answer: Occasional developmental science data-collection strategy that involves interviewing people to obtain information that cannot be quantified on a numerical scale fertilization correct answer: The Union of a sperm and egg ovulation correct answer: The moment during a woman's monthly cycle when an oval is expelled from the ovary hormones correct answer: Chemical substances released in the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues gene correct answer: A segment of DNA that contains a chemical blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein germinal stage correct answer: The first 14 days of prenatal development, from fertilization to full implantation zygote correct answer: A fertilized ovum blastocyst correct answer: The hollow sphere of cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation implantation correct answer: The process in which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall placenta correct answer: The structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients embryonic stage correct answer: The second stage of prenatal development lasting from week 33 week eight neural tube correct answer: A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord neuron correct answer: A nerve cell proximodistal sequence correct answer: The developmental principle that growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body outward cephalocaudal sequence correct answer: The developmental principle that growth occurs in a sequence from head to toe fetal stage correct answer: The final period of prenatal development, lasting seven months, characterized by physical refinements, massive growth, and the development of the brain age of viability correct answer: The earliest point at which a baby can survive outside of the womb umbilical cord correct answer: The structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus, through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed amniotic sac correct answer: A bag-shaped, fluid-field membrane that contains and insulates the fetus gestation correct answer: The period of pregnancy trimester correct answer: One of the three-month-long segment into which pregnancy is divided miscarriage correct answer: The naturally occurring loss of a pregnancy and death of the fetus birth defect correct answer: a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth teratogens correct answer: substances that cross the placenta in harms the fetus sensitive period correct answer: The time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by at teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming "online" developmental disorders correct answer: learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) correct answer: A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy Down syndrome correct answer: The most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slantedd eyes and stocky build Single-gene disorder correct answer: An illness caused by a single gene Dominant disorder correct answer: An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder Recessive disorder correct answer: An illness at that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder Sex-linked single-gene disorder correct answer: An illness, carried on the mother's X, chromosomee, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50-50 chance of striking each male child genetic testing correct answer: A blood test to determine whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder ultrasound correct answer: In pregnancy, an image of the fetus in the womb that helps to date the pregnancy, assesses the fetus's growth, and identify abnormalities amniocentesis correct answer: A second-trimester procedure that involves inserting a syringe into a woman's uterus to extract a sample of amniotic fluid, which is tested for a variety of genetic and chromosome all infertility correct answer: The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex (includes the inability to carry a child to term) IVF ( in vitro fertilization) correct answer: An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb; the developing cell mass is been inserted into the woman's uterus so the pregnancy can occur natural childbirth correct answer: A general term for labor and birth without medical intervention's cesarean section correct answer: A method of delivering a baby surgically by extracting the baby three incisions in the woman's abdominal wall and in the uterus APGAR score correct answer: prematurity status correct answer: infant mortality correct answer: cerebral cortex correct answer: synaptogenesis correct answer: synapse correct answer: myelination correct answer: plasticity correct answer: infant-directed speech correct answer: reflexes correct answer: undernutrition correct answer: swaddling correct answer: kangaroo care correct answer: REM sleep correct answer: self-soothing correct answer: co-sleeping correct answer: SIDS correct answer: preferential-looking paradigm correct answer: habituation correct answer: face-perception studies correct answer: dept perception correct answer: visual cliff correct answer: sensorimotor stage correct answer: circular reactions correct answer: object permanence correct answer: A-not-B error correct answer: social cognition correct answer: joint attention correct answer: grammar correct answer: LAD correct answer: social-interactionist view correct answer: babbling correct answer: holophrase correct answer: telegraphic speech correct answer: attachment correct answer: toddlerhood correct answer: primary attachment figure correct answer: proximity seeking behavior correct answer: preattachment phase correct answer: social smile correct answer: separation anxiety correct answer: stranger anxiety correct answer: social referencing correct answer: working model correct answer: Strange Situation correct answer: types of attachment correct answer: synchrony correct answer: temperament correct answer: Head Start correct answer: types of early child care correct answer: autonomy correct answer: self-conscious emotions correct answer: socialization correct answer: goodness of fit correct answer: