Summary

BIOLOGICAL MOLES SUMMARY

0 purchase

Course
Basic Biology

Institution
University Of South Africa (Unisa)

A SUMMARY OF THE MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP THE HUMAN BODY, THEIR ROLES AND PROBLEMS THAT MAY OCCUR. FROM FOOD MOLECULES TO ENZYMES TO PROTEINS.

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 15 pages

View example

Uploaded on December 22, 2023
Number of pages 15
Written in 2020/2021
Type Summary

molecules

Biological molecules
Monomer- small molecule, many of which can be joined together to form a
polymer

Biological molecule Monomer Polymer
Carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide
Proteins Amino acids Polypeptides and proteins
Nucleic acids nucleotides DNA and RNA

Condensation-

 method which joins small molecules together to form larger ones
 water molecules lost
 new covalent bond formed

Hydrolysis-

 method which splits larger molecules up into smaller ones
 water molecule is used
 covalent bonds are broken

Carbohydrates

 glucose-energy sources released during respiration
 starch- energy store
 cellulose- structural

Monosaccharides

Soluble in water, sweet to the taste, form crystals

Named after the number of carbon atoms e.g. triose has 3, pentose has 5

Glucose- 2 forms (isomers) Alpha and Beta (-OH group on C1 different)

Glucose forms a ring when C1 joins to C5, leaving C6 outside the ring.

, Making and breaking down disaccharides

Two alpha-glucose molecules are condensed into the disaccharide maltose by
a glycosidic bond. (Hint- Glucose, Glycosidic)

Carbohydrates and energy storage

Respiration:-

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water (ATP is released)

Glucose is broken down in several steps, with each stage being controlled by a
different enzyme.

Animals and plants have enzymes that can only break down alpha-glucose, the
position of the –OH group on C1, give beta glucose a different overall shape
that will not fit into the enzyme active site.

Starch

Is the energy store in plants only. It is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin.

Amylose- is made up of long chains of alpha glucose, linked C1 of one molecule
to C4 of another by a glycosidic linked (1,4 glycosidic link). The long chains coil
into springs into which iodine molecules can become trapped and turn from
yellow/brown to blue/black (iodine is a test for starch).

Amylopectin- is also made of alpha-glucose linked with 1,4 glycosidic bonds,
with 16 glycosidic branches

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying this summary from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller syeblues. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy this summary for R50,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

68175 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 15 years now

Start selling