Openstax Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 6 with verified solutions already graded a+

bone hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton, called osseous tissue cartilage semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement hematopoiesis production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones orthopedist doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries osseous tissue bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton red marrow connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place skeletal system organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection yellow marrow connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored flat bone thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs, two layers of sponge bone sandwiched by compact bone called diploe irregular bone bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces long bone cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever sesamoid bone small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces short bone cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion articular cartilage thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber articulation where two bone surfaces meet canaliculi (singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients, moves nutrients across lamellae central canal longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal compact bone dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces diaphysis tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone, walls made up of compact bone diploë layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones endosteum delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity, made up osteoblasts, houses bone growth, repair, remodeling epiphyseal plate (also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length epiphysis wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow hole opening or depression in a bone lacunae (singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte medullary cavity hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow nutrient foramen small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment osteoblast cell responsible for forming new bone osteoclast cell responsible for resorbing bone, multinuclear, sits on surface and breaks down bone and secretes calcium, differentiates from white blood cells rather than osteogenic cells osteocyte primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the mineral concentration via enzymes osteogenic cell undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts osteon (also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix perforating canal (also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum periosteum fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments, covers all of the bone's outer surface area but where the articular cartilage, made of outer cellular layer and one fibrous layer projection bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach spongy bone (also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution trabeculae (singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone closed reduction manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery external callus collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture, blood vessels repair fracture broken bone fracture hematoma blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone internal callus fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone, hardened osteoid matrix and bone repairs open reduction surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture, skin is broken through by bone osteoporosis disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages hypercalcemia condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium hypocalcemia condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium Skeletal system function support, facilitates movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, store minerals & fat sutural skull bones that have fused epiphyseal line When osteoblasts and osteoclasts stop expanding and reforming the bone from the plate. All chondrocytes get calcified and replaced with bone tissue Bone matrix everything inside the osteon Chondrocytes Cells that secrete cartilage. intramembranous ossification process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue Osteoid secreted by osteoblasts, matrix that sets hardened endochondral ossification process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage primary ossification center a region where bone tissue will replace most of the cartilage secondary ossification center region of bone development in the epiphyses proliferate zone produces new chondrocytes zone of maturation matured chondrocytes closer to epiphysis than proliferate zone calcified matrix zone most chondrocytes dead; matrix being replaced by bone, closer to epiphysis than zone of maturation modeling horizontal growth of bones remodeling The process of resorption and formation of bone transverse fracture horizontal fracture spiral fracture ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone comminuted fracture bone breaks into many fragments impacted fracture fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another