Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Aantekeningen
Inhoudsopgave
HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht ................................................................................................................. 6
Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek? ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Data-Analyse: Coderen .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Grasple: Kwalitatieve opdracht........................................................................................................................ 7
Wetenschappelijk artikel kritisch lezen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Grasple: Voorkennis Kwantitatief ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse ............................................................................................................................. 7
Spreidingsdiagram SPSS: ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Regressieanaylse ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ANOVA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Post Hoc Toets ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
HC Week 2: Multiple Regressie ...................................................................................................................... 9
Padmodel Multiple Regressie ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Multiple regressie algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Meetniveau variabelen..........................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (1) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (2) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Histogram...............................................................................................................................................................................11
Spreidingsdiagram .................................................................................................................................................................11
Regressiecoëfficiënten ..........................................................................................................................................................11
Kleinste kwadraten criterium ..............................................................................................................................................12
Residuen E .............................................................................................................................................................................12
Goodness of fit .....................................................................................................................................................................12
Opsplitsing waargenomen variatie .....................................................................................................................................12
Bereik van R2 .........................................................................................................................................................................13
Wat is R op zichzelf? ............................................................................................................................................................13
Toetsen R2 & B’s ...................................................................................................................................................................14
In SPSS: ..................................................................................................................................................................................15
Grasple: Multiple Regressie ...........................................................................................................................16
MR1 Controle assumpties initieel....................................................................................................................................................16
Voorwaarde voor multiple regressie ..................................................................................................................................16
Uitschieters verwijderen uit dataset: ..................................................................................................................................16
Correlatie uitvoeren: .............................................................................................................................................................16
MR2 Controle assumpties statisch ..................................................................................................................................................16
Regressieanalyse uitvoeren: .................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid uitschieters ......................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid multicollineariteit ...........................................................................................................................................17
Homoscedasticiteit ...............................................................................................................................................................17
Normaal verdeelde residuen ...............................................................................................................................................18
MR3 Uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Model Summary ........................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: ANOVA .....................................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Coefficients ................................................................................................................................................................19
Hiërarchische multiple regressieanalyse uitvoeren ..........................................................................................................19
MR4 Multiple regressie met dummy’s .............................................................................................................................................19
Dummy variabelen aanmaken SPSS ..................................................................................................................................21
1
,Weekopdracht 1: MR ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorwaarden & Assumpties MR .......................................................................................................................................22
Hypothesen in MR ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Regressievergelijking met twee voorspellers ....................................................................................................................22
Berekenen verschil proportie verklaarde variantie twee modellen...............................................................................23
Werkgroep 2: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 24
HC Week 3: Meerweg ANOVA ..................................................................................................................... 26
Multiple regressiemodel .......................................................................................................................................................26
Eenweg ANOVA .................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Beschrijvende statistiek: Gemiddelden Model .................................................................................................................27
Hoofdeffecten .......................................................................................................................................................................28
Toetsing: kijken naar output model SPSS ........................................................................................................................29
Testen met een F-Ratio .......................................................................................................................................................30
Effectgrootte .........................................................................................................................................................................32
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................34
Grasple: Meerweg ANOVA ........................................................................................................................... 35
ANOVA 1: Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren .........................................................................................................35
Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren: ............................................................................................................................................35
SPSS Output Meerweg ANOVA: ......................................................................................................................................35
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................36
ANOVA (extra): Hoofd- en interactie-effecten ..............................................................................................................................36
Weekopdracht 2: Meerweg ANOVA ............................................................................................................. 37
Meetniveaus variabelen ANOVA: .....................................................................................................................................37
Combinaties van meetniveaus van AV en OV op: .........................................................................................................37
Voorwaarden/Assumpties voor uitvoeren ANOVA .....................................................................................................37
Hypothesen ............................................................................................................................................................................38
Variantieanalyse .....................................................................................................................................................................38
Ontbrekende waardes invullen ...........................................................................................................................................39
HC Week 4: ANCOVA .................................................................................................................................. 40
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................40
Overzichten analyses tot nu toe .........................................................................................................................................41
ANOVA + & - Interactie....................................................................................................................................................41
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................42
Doel ANCOVA: .........................................................................................................................................................................43
Gevolgen ................................................................................................................................................................................43
Voorbeeld 1: ..........................................................................................................................................................................43
AN(C)OVA als regressiemodel: ....................................................................................................................................................45
Assumpties AN(CO)VA-model ...................................................................................................................................................45
Steekrpoef voorwaarde ........................................................................................................................................................46
Meetniveau voorwaaden ......................................................................................................................................................46
Spreiding residuen ................................................................................................................................................................46
Model ......................................................................................................................................................................................46
Homogene regressie .............................................................................................................................................................46
Grasple: ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................ 47
ANCOVA 1: ANCOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................47
Spreidingsdiagram maken: ...................................................................................................................................................47
Testen of interactie covariaat en factor significant is: ....................................................................................................47
ANCOVA uitvoeren: ...........................................................................................................................................................48
2
, Interpreteren ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................................48
ANCOVA (Extra): Gecorrigeerde Gemiddelden ..........................................................................................................................49
Stap 1: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 2: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 3: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 4: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 5: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 6: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 7: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 8: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
Stap 9: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
..................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Voorbeelden: .........................................................................................................................................................................51
Weekopdracht 3: ANCOVA........................................................................................................................... 52
Variabelen nodig voor ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................52
ANOVA & ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................................52
De totale variantie in ANCOVA wordt als volgt opgesplitst .......................................................................................52
Tabel invullen uitleg .............................................................................................................................................................53
Effectgrootte berekenen ......................................................................................................................................................53
Werkgroep 3: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 54
HC Week 5: Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed design ...................................................................................... 56
Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed Design ...........................................................................................................................................56
(Meerweg) AN(C)OVA .......................................................................................................................................................56
Between-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................57
Within-subject factoren .......................................................................................................................................................57
Between- en within-subject factoren .................................................................................................................................57
Opsplitsen kwadratensommen .........................................................................................................................................................57
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................57
Assumpties Herhaalde metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................................59
Sfericiteit .........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Sfericiteit betreft....................................................................................................................................................................60
Schending aanname sfericiteit: ...........................................................................................................................................60
Toetsing aanname sfericiteit ...............................................................................................................................................60
Toesting sfericiteit ................................................................................................................................................................60
Controle Assumptie sfericiteit ............................................................................................................................................60
Toetsen effect binnen-subject factor (tijd) .......................................................................................................................61
Mixed Design ANOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................61
Effecten ..................................................................................................................................................................................61
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................61
Grasple: HM & MD ...................................................................................................................................... 62
HM & MD 1: Herhaalde Metingen uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse Uitvoeren SPSS ................................................................................................................62
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met meerdere within-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ..........................................64
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA met meerdere within-subject factoren ..............................................64
HM & MD 2: Mixed Design Uitvoeren en Interpreteren ..............................................................................................................65
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met within-subjects factoren & between-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ........65
Weekopdracht 4: Herhaalde metingen & Mixed Design .............................................................................. 66
Factoren ..................................................................................................................................................................................66
Toepassingen van statische technieken .............................................................................................................................66
Spreidingscomponenten in herhaalde metingen ANOVA ............................................................................................66
3
, Nul- en alternatieve hypothesen voor binnen-persoonsfactor .....................................................................................66
Herhaalde metingen design .................................................................................................................................................66
Mixed design ..........................................................................................................................................................................66
Nul- & alternatieve hypothesen voor het interactie-effect binnen*tussen mixed design ........................................67
Sfericiteit .................................................................................................................................................................................67
HC Week 6: Moderatie & Mediatie ............................................................................................................... 68
Moderatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodellen ....................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Moderatie ............................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Mediatie ...............................................................................................................................................................68
Moderator en Mediator ...................................................................................................................................................................69
Onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................................................................................................69
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................69
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................70
Grasple: Moderatie & Mediatie ..................................................................................................................... 72
M&M 1: Moderatie vs. Mediatie...................................................................................................................................................72
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................72
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................72
M&M 2: Moderatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ...............................................................................................................................73
Moderatieanalyses uitvoeren ...............................................................................................................................................73
Interactie tussen een categorische en interval variabele met PROCESS ....................................................................74
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met multiple regressie ......................................................................75
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met PROCESS ..................................................................................76
M&M 3: Medatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................................77
Mediatieanalyse uitvoeren ...................................................................................................................................................77
Weekopdracht 5: Moderatie en Mediatie ...................................................................................................... 79
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................79
Interactieterm ........................................................................................................................................................................79
Standaardiseren/Centreren .................................................................................................................................................79
Multicollineariteit ..................................................................................................................................................................79
Beoordelen of X op Y gemedieerd wordt door M .........................................................................................................79
Grootte indirecte effect berekenen ....................................................................................................................................79
Werkgroep 4: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 80
Tussen-subjects Factor .....................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen-subject Factor ......................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen- en tussen-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................80
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................80
Totaal effect ...........................................................................................................................................................................80
Direct/ Indirect effect .........................................................................................................................................................80
Complete mediatie vs. Partiële mediatie ...........................................................................................................................80
Bootstrapping ..................................................................................................................................................................................81
Significantie bepalen bootstrapping...................................................................................................................................81
HC 7: Factor Analyse en Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse...................................................................................... 82
Voorbeeld risicobereidheid ........................................................................................................................... 82
Validiteit ........................................................................................................................................................................................82
Begripsvaliditeit: ....................................................................................................................................................................82
Doelen factoranalyse ............................................................................................................................................................82
4
, Stappen factoranalyse ...........................................................................................................................................................83
Bepalen aantal factoren ........................................................................................................................................................85
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Criteria kwalitatieve beoordeling betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................87
Grasple: Factoranalyse & Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................... 88
Factoranalyse ..................................................................................................................................................................................88
Introductie factoranalyse .....................................................................................................................................................88
Factoranalyse (PAF) uitvoeren SPSS .............................................................................................................................................88
Eigenwaarde...........................................................................................................................................................................89
Screeplot & Knikcriterium ..................................................................................................................................................89
Factorladingen & Factormatrix ..........................................................................................................................................90
Factoranalyse met oblique rotatie met twee factoren in SPSS ...........................................................................................................90
Inhoudelijke interpretatie van factoren .............................................................................................................................90
Percentage (proportie) verklaarde variantie .....................................................................................................................91
Communaliteit .......................................................................................................................................................................91
Conclusiefactoranalyse .........................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................91
Items ompolen SPSS ............................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse uitvoeren SPSS ........................................................................................................................92
Weekopdracht 6: Factoranalyse..................................................................................................................... 93
Doelen factoranalyse ........................................................................................................................................................................93
Confirmerende factoranalyse.............................................................................................................................................................93
Explorerende factoranalyse ..............................................................................................................................................................93
Controleren of factoranalyse zinvol is ...............................................................................................................................................93
5
, HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht
Kwalitatieve opdracht, onderzoeksvraag:
Hoe ervaren vluchtelingen het opbouwen van een nieuw leven in NL?
Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek?
- Analyseren van patronen in hoe mensen sociale fenomenen ervaren, interpreteren en
hoe dit hun handelen beïnvloedt
- Het genereren van gedetailleerde beschrijvingen, inzichten, verklaringen en
theoretische modellen van sociale fenomenen
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek
- Interpretatief
De betekenisgeving vanuit het perspectief van de respondenten staat centraal en
onderzoeker interpreteert deze betekenissen
- Naturalistisch
De onderzoeker is geïnteresseerd in de natuurlijke omgeving van de respondent (niet
bestuderen in laboratorium setting)
- Reflexief
De onderzoeker reflecteert bewust op hoe bepaalde veronderstellingen, keuzes, en de
onderzoeker het onderzoek beïnvloeden
Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek
- Credibility
(interne validiteit)
Kloppen de data, resultaten, de interpretaties?
- Transferability
(externe/ecologische validiteit)
Zijn resultaten ook van toepassing in andere setting/context?
- Dependability
(betrouwbaarheid)
Zijn de bevindingen stabiel over tijd?
- Confirmability
(objectiviteit)
In hoeverre zijn de resultaten afhankelijk van de onderzoeker en zijn eigen
verwachtingen?
- Reflexivity
Kritische reflectie op de hoe de relatie tussen onderzoeker-participant data/onderzoek
heeft beïnvloed?
Data-Analyse: Coderen
- Attribute codes
Vaak achtergrond of demografische informatie van de respondent
- Index codes
Labelen grotere stukken tekst en geven brede/algemene onderwerpen aan
- Analytic codes
Beschrijven de betekenis van specifieke stukken tekst → deel komt uit literatuur, deel
vloeit voort uit de verzamelde gegevens
6
Inhoudsopgave
HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht ................................................................................................................. 6
Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek? ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Data-Analyse: Coderen .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Grasple: Kwalitatieve opdracht........................................................................................................................ 7
Wetenschappelijk artikel kritisch lezen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Grasple: Voorkennis Kwantitatief ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse ............................................................................................................................. 7
Spreidingsdiagram SPSS: ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Regressieanaylse ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ANOVA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Post Hoc Toets ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
HC Week 2: Multiple Regressie ...................................................................................................................... 9
Padmodel Multiple Regressie ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Multiple regressie algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Meetniveau variabelen..........................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (1) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (2) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Histogram...............................................................................................................................................................................11
Spreidingsdiagram .................................................................................................................................................................11
Regressiecoëfficiënten ..........................................................................................................................................................11
Kleinste kwadraten criterium ..............................................................................................................................................12
Residuen E .............................................................................................................................................................................12
Goodness of fit .....................................................................................................................................................................12
Opsplitsing waargenomen variatie .....................................................................................................................................12
Bereik van R2 .........................................................................................................................................................................13
Wat is R op zichzelf? ............................................................................................................................................................13
Toetsen R2 & B’s ...................................................................................................................................................................14
In SPSS: ..................................................................................................................................................................................15
Grasple: Multiple Regressie ...........................................................................................................................16
MR1 Controle assumpties initieel....................................................................................................................................................16
Voorwaarde voor multiple regressie ..................................................................................................................................16
Uitschieters verwijderen uit dataset: ..................................................................................................................................16
Correlatie uitvoeren: .............................................................................................................................................................16
MR2 Controle assumpties statisch ..................................................................................................................................................16
Regressieanalyse uitvoeren: .................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid uitschieters ......................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid multicollineariteit ...........................................................................................................................................17
Homoscedasticiteit ...............................................................................................................................................................17
Normaal verdeelde residuen ...............................................................................................................................................18
MR3 Uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Model Summary ........................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: ANOVA .....................................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Coefficients ................................................................................................................................................................19
Hiërarchische multiple regressieanalyse uitvoeren ..........................................................................................................19
MR4 Multiple regressie met dummy’s .............................................................................................................................................19
Dummy variabelen aanmaken SPSS ..................................................................................................................................21
1
,Weekopdracht 1: MR ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorwaarden & Assumpties MR .......................................................................................................................................22
Hypothesen in MR ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Regressievergelijking met twee voorspellers ....................................................................................................................22
Berekenen verschil proportie verklaarde variantie twee modellen...............................................................................23
Werkgroep 2: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 24
HC Week 3: Meerweg ANOVA ..................................................................................................................... 26
Multiple regressiemodel .......................................................................................................................................................26
Eenweg ANOVA .................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Beschrijvende statistiek: Gemiddelden Model .................................................................................................................27
Hoofdeffecten .......................................................................................................................................................................28
Toetsing: kijken naar output model SPSS ........................................................................................................................29
Testen met een F-Ratio .......................................................................................................................................................30
Effectgrootte .........................................................................................................................................................................32
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................34
Grasple: Meerweg ANOVA ........................................................................................................................... 35
ANOVA 1: Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren .........................................................................................................35
Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren: ............................................................................................................................................35
SPSS Output Meerweg ANOVA: ......................................................................................................................................35
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................36
ANOVA (extra): Hoofd- en interactie-effecten ..............................................................................................................................36
Weekopdracht 2: Meerweg ANOVA ............................................................................................................. 37
Meetniveaus variabelen ANOVA: .....................................................................................................................................37
Combinaties van meetniveaus van AV en OV op: .........................................................................................................37
Voorwaarden/Assumpties voor uitvoeren ANOVA .....................................................................................................37
Hypothesen ............................................................................................................................................................................38
Variantieanalyse .....................................................................................................................................................................38
Ontbrekende waardes invullen ...........................................................................................................................................39
HC Week 4: ANCOVA .................................................................................................................................. 40
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................40
Overzichten analyses tot nu toe .........................................................................................................................................41
ANOVA + & - Interactie....................................................................................................................................................41
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................42
Doel ANCOVA: .........................................................................................................................................................................43
Gevolgen ................................................................................................................................................................................43
Voorbeeld 1: ..........................................................................................................................................................................43
AN(C)OVA als regressiemodel: ....................................................................................................................................................45
Assumpties AN(CO)VA-model ...................................................................................................................................................45
Steekrpoef voorwaarde ........................................................................................................................................................46
Meetniveau voorwaaden ......................................................................................................................................................46
Spreiding residuen ................................................................................................................................................................46
Model ......................................................................................................................................................................................46
Homogene regressie .............................................................................................................................................................46
Grasple: ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................ 47
ANCOVA 1: ANCOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................47
Spreidingsdiagram maken: ...................................................................................................................................................47
Testen of interactie covariaat en factor significant is: ....................................................................................................47
ANCOVA uitvoeren: ...........................................................................................................................................................48
2
, Interpreteren ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................................48
ANCOVA (Extra): Gecorrigeerde Gemiddelden ..........................................................................................................................49
Stap 1: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 2: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 3: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 4: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 5: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 6: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 7: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 8: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
Stap 9: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
..................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Voorbeelden: .........................................................................................................................................................................51
Weekopdracht 3: ANCOVA........................................................................................................................... 52
Variabelen nodig voor ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................52
ANOVA & ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................................52
De totale variantie in ANCOVA wordt als volgt opgesplitst .......................................................................................52
Tabel invullen uitleg .............................................................................................................................................................53
Effectgrootte berekenen ......................................................................................................................................................53
Werkgroep 3: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 54
HC Week 5: Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed design ...................................................................................... 56
Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed Design ...........................................................................................................................................56
(Meerweg) AN(C)OVA .......................................................................................................................................................56
Between-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................57
Within-subject factoren .......................................................................................................................................................57
Between- en within-subject factoren .................................................................................................................................57
Opsplitsen kwadratensommen .........................................................................................................................................................57
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................57
Assumpties Herhaalde metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................................59
Sfericiteit .........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Sfericiteit betreft....................................................................................................................................................................60
Schending aanname sfericiteit: ...........................................................................................................................................60
Toetsing aanname sfericiteit ...............................................................................................................................................60
Toesting sfericiteit ................................................................................................................................................................60
Controle Assumptie sfericiteit ............................................................................................................................................60
Toetsen effect binnen-subject factor (tijd) .......................................................................................................................61
Mixed Design ANOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................61
Effecten ..................................................................................................................................................................................61
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................61
Grasple: HM & MD ...................................................................................................................................... 62
HM & MD 1: Herhaalde Metingen uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse Uitvoeren SPSS ................................................................................................................62
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met meerdere within-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ..........................................64
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA met meerdere within-subject factoren ..............................................64
HM & MD 2: Mixed Design Uitvoeren en Interpreteren ..............................................................................................................65
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met within-subjects factoren & between-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ........65
Weekopdracht 4: Herhaalde metingen & Mixed Design .............................................................................. 66
Factoren ..................................................................................................................................................................................66
Toepassingen van statische technieken .............................................................................................................................66
Spreidingscomponenten in herhaalde metingen ANOVA ............................................................................................66
3
, Nul- en alternatieve hypothesen voor binnen-persoonsfactor .....................................................................................66
Herhaalde metingen design .................................................................................................................................................66
Mixed design ..........................................................................................................................................................................66
Nul- & alternatieve hypothesen voor het interactie-effect binnen*tussen mixed design ........................................67
Sfericiteit .................................................................................................................................................................................67
HC Week 6: Moderatie & Mediatie ............................................................................................................... 68
Moderatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodellen ....................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Moderatie ............................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Mediatie ...............................................................................................................................................................68
Moderator en Mediator ...................................................................................................................................................................69
Onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................................................................................................69
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................69
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................70
Grasple: Moderatie & Mediatie ..................................................................................................................... 72
M&M 1: Moderatie vs. Mediatie...................................................................................................................................................72
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................72
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................72
M&M 2: Moderatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ...............................................................................................................................73
Moderatieanalyses uitvoeren ...............................................................................................................................................73
Interactie tussen een categorische en interval variabele met PROCESS ....................................................................74
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met multiple regressie ......................................................................75
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met PROCESS ..................................................................................76
M&M 3: Medatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................................77
Mediatieanalyse uitvoeren ...................................................................................................................................................77
Weekopdracht 5: Moderatie en Mediatie ...................................................................................................... 79
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................79
Interactieterm ........................................................................................................................................................................79
Standaardiseren/Centreren .................................................................................................................................................79
Multicollineariteit ..................................................................................................................................................................79
Beoordelen of X op Y gemedieerd wordt door M .........................................................................................................79
Grootte indirecte effect berekenen ....................................................................................................................................79
Werkgroep 4: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 80
Tussen-subjects Factor .....................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen-subject Factor ......................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen- en tussen-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................80
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................80
Totaal effect ...........................................................................................................................................................................80
Direct/ Indirect effect .........................................................................................................................................................80
Complete mediatie vs. Partiële mediatie ...........................................................................................................................80
Bootstrapping ..................................................................................................................................................................................81
Significantie bepalen bootstrapping...................................................................................................................................81
HC 7: Factor Analyse en Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse...................................................................................... 82
Voorbeeld risicobereidheid ........................................................................................................................... 82
Validiteit ........................................................................................................................................................................................82
Begripsvaliditeit: ....................................................................................................................................................................82
Doelen factoranalyse ............................................................................................................................................................82
4
, Stappen factoranalyse ...........................................................................................................................................................83
Bepalen aantal factoren ........................................................................................................................................................85
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Criteria kwalitatieve beoordeling betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................87
Grasple: Factoranalyse & Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................... 88
Factoranalyse ..................................................................................................................................................................................88
Introductie factoranalyse .....................................................................................................................................................88
Factoranalyse (PAF) uitvoeren SPSS .............................................................................................................................................88
Eigenwaarde...........................................................................................................................................................................89
Screeplot & Knikcriterium ..................................................................................................................................................89
Factorladingen & Factormatrix ..........................................................................................................................................90
Factoranalyse met oblique rotatie met twee factoren in SPSS ...........................................................................................................90
Inhoudelijke interpretatie van factoren .............................................................................................................................90
Percentage (proportie) verklaarde variantie .....................................................................................................................91
Communaliteit .......................................................................................................................................................................91
Conclusiefactoranalyse .........................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................91
Items ompolen SPSS ............................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse uitvoeren SPSS ........................................................................................................................92
Weekopdracht 6: Factoranalyse..................................................................................................................... 93
Doelen factoranalyse ........................................................................................................................................................................93
Confirmerende factoranalyse.............................................................................................................................................................93
Explorerende factoranalyse ..............................................................................................................................................................93
Controleren of factoranalyse zinvol is ...............................................................................................................................................93
5
, HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht
Kwalitatieve opdracht, onderzoeksvraag:
Hoe ervaren vluchtelingen het opbouwen van een nieuw leven in NL?
Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek?
- Analyseren van patronen in hoe mensen sociale fenomenen ervaren, interpreteren en
hoe dit hun handelen beïnvloedt
- Het genereren van gedetailleerde beschrijvingen, inzichten, verklaringen en
theoretische modellen van sociale fenomenen
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek
- Interpretatief
De betekenisgeving vanuit het perspectief van de respondenten staat centraal en
onderzoeker interpreteert deze betekenissen
- Naturalistisch
De onderzoeker is geïnteresseerd in de natuurlijke omgeving van de respondent (niet
bestuderen in laboratorium setting)
- Reflexief
De onderzoeker reflecteert bewust op hoe bepaalde veronderstellingen, keuzes, en de
onderzoeker het onderzoek beïnvloeden
Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek
- Credibility
(interne validiteit)
Kloppen de data, resultaten, de interpretaties?
- Transferability
(externe/ecologische validiteit)
Zijn resultaten ook van toepassing in andere setting/context?
- Dependability
(betrouwbaarheid)
Zijn de bevindingen stabiel over tijd?
- Confirmability
(objectiviteit)
In hoeverre zijn de resultaten afhankelijk van de onderzoeker en zijn eigen
verwachtingen?
- Reflexivity
Kritische reflectie op de hoe de relatie tussen onderzoeker-participant data/onderzoek
heeft beïnvloed?
Data-Analyse: Coderen
- Attribute codes
Vaak achtergrond of demografische informatie van de respondent
- Index codes
Labelen grotere stukken tekst en geven brede/algemene onderwerpen aan
- Analytic codes
Beschrijven de betekenis van specifieke stukken tekst → deel komt uit literatuur, deel
vloeit voort uit de verzamelde gegevens
6
