The CBC (Exam 1) 2024 LATEST EXAM UPDATE QUESTIONS(WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS)100% GUARANTEED SUCCESS

What are the components of blood? plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets What are the components of plasma? Water electrolytes proteins *bulk of bloods volume What is the function of plasma? Helps maintain BP, regulate body temp, balances water in tissues/vessels What are the two different ways of blood collection? 1. Venipuncture -peripheral vein or capillary 2. Arterial puncture (blood gas analysis) - how oxygenated blood is What are different ways that will effect the results of the blood collection? -timing of collection (time of day, fasting, sitting on bench) -hemolysis (blood cells breaking open) -insufficient sample What is the order to be drawn for different types of tests? 1.Blood cultures 2.Non-additive tubes (ex. Red top) 3.Coagulation tubes (ex. Blue top) 4.Heparin tubes (ex. Green top) 5.EDTA tubes (ex. Lavender top) 6.Oxalate-fluoride tubes (ex. Gray top) What are some complaints supporting CBC testing? Fever Fatigue Dyspnea Bleeding Bruising Petechiae Heme positive stools Weight loss, unexplained Lymphadenopathy Dizziness (not vertigo) Palpitations Angina Jaundice Abdominal pain What two types of cells does a stem cell (hemocytoblast) differentiate into? 1. Myeloid Progenitor 2. Lymphoid Progenitor What four types of cells does the myeloid progenitor differentiate into? 1. Megakaryocyte - thrombocytes 2. Erythrocyte (RBC) 3. Mast cell 4. Myeloblast - N,E,B,L,M What does the lymphoid progenitor differentiate into? 1. Killer cell 2. Lymphocyte - t and b What do WBC do? Defend against invasion of pathogens. Identify cancer cells or can become cancerous themselves Remove the body's litter by phagocytosis. Leave circulation, travel to sites of invasion, inflammation & tissue damage. 5 types - different roles in the immune system. What are the two components of WBC measurement? - total # - differential count (breakdown of types of leukocytes) What is the normal value range for total WBC count in Adults and children 2yrs? 5,000-10,000/mm3 (5-10) What is the normal value range for total WBC count for children or = to 2yrs? 6,200-17,000/mm3 (6.2-17) What are the two different types of leukocytes? 1. Granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm when stained on smear) 2. Agranulocytes What are the three types of granuloctyes? -Neutrophils -Basophils -Eosinophils What do neutrophils look like? Characterized by segments of 2-5 lobes and a very faint dusting of tiny granules How many days do neutrophils take to produce? 7-14 days How long do neutrophils circulate for? 6 hours What is the primary job of neutrophils? Phagocytosis When are neutrophils increased? Bacterial invasion, inflammation What are bands or "left shift"? Immature neutrophils stimulated If seen on CBC, immune system ramping up to fight infection What is the normal range of % and absolute count for Neutrophils? % of total WBC: 55-70% Absolute count: What do eosinophils look like? Granules are larger and stain more intensely than those seen in the neutrophil When does the # of eosinophils increase? allergic conditions and parasitic infections What do eosinophils NOT respond to? bacterial, viral infections What is the normal range of % and absolute count for eosinophils? %: 1-4% Absolute count: 50-500 What is another word for basophil's? Mast Cell What do basophils look like? Purple granules which are superimposed over the nucleus What is the role of Basophils? Synthesize and store histamine and heparin What does histamine do? vasodilation and increase vascular permeability What does heparin do? prevents clotting What is the normal range of % and absolute count for basophils? %: .5-1% absolute count: 25-100 What are the two types of agranulocytes? 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes What is the primary function of lymphocytes? Acute viral infections Acute & chronic bacterial infections What are the two types of lymphocytes? B lymphocytes (~5%) - humoral immunity (antibody production) T lymphocytes (~90%) - cellular type immune rxns What is the normal range for % and absolute count for lymphocytes? %: 20-40% Absolute count: What do lymphocytes look like? Nucleus makes up 90% of the cell. Very small, like RBC What do monocytes look like? Typical folded, lobulated nucleus Ground glass appearance to the cytoplasm. When is the number of monocytes increased? chronic infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, MDS, leukemia What is the function of monocytes? phagocytosis (necrotic debris and microorganism removal) Can fight bacteria similarly to neutrophils Do neutrophils or monocytes circulate longer? monocytes What do monocytes produce? Interferon (immunostimulant)- chemical that can stimulate our immune system further When would we see elevations in WBC's? 1. New or worsening infectious process 2. Chronic inflammatory states elevation=leukocytosis Does steroid use cause WBC count to go up or down? Up (steroids increase WBC count) When would we see decreased WBC's? May indicate marrow failure or marrow neoplasm Depletion from infections Some medications Special Populations decreased WBC= Leukopenia Why is it important to consider the elderly when looking at WBC count? Can fail to have a bone marrow response to infection (an absence of leukocytosis) May not develop an elevated WBC even in the presence of a severe infection How do you calculate absolute neutrophil count (ANC)? WBC x (%Neutrophils + %Bands) = ANC What does an ANC below 1000 mean? Patient is severely immunocompromised