PSYC 375 Thackray University of Calgary Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

PSYC 375 Thackray University of Calgary Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers Neuropsychology - answerStudy of the relationships between brain function and behaviour (people) --> Origins: Paul Broca discovered the link between specific damage located in the left frontal lobe region and language difficulties Histological - answerBrains sectioned postmortem and tissue stained with different dyes - Contemporary techniques identify molecular neurol-chemical and morphological (structural) differences among neuronal types to relate these characteristics to behaviour Staining Cerebral Neurons - answer--> Connections between anatomy and behaviour can be seen in studies of animals trained on various types of new learning tasks that show: * Modifications in the synaptic organization of cells in specific cortical regions * the # of newly generated cells that survive in the hippocampus Behavioural Neuroscience - answerStudy of the biological bases of behaviour in humans and other animals (challenge is to develop methods for studying both methods for studying both normal/abnormal behaviour) Ethology - answerThe study of animal behavior in natural conditions. Neuropsychological testing of humans - answer--> People with damage to temporal lobe often complain of memory disturbance --> Memory is not a single function (memory for events, colours, names, places, motor skills) --> Its rare for someone to be impaired in all forms of memory (each measured separately) Behavioural analysis of rodents - answer--> Morris (1980) swimming task: Place learning * Rat must find platform using external cues / matching-to-place-learning; Platform is in the same location each trial but a different location each day - Landmark version; Platform is identified by cue on the wall --> Skilled reaching task (Winshaw/Kolb): Rats are trained to reach through a slot to obtain food * Movements can be broken down into segments, which are differently affected by different types of neurological perturbation Manipulating Brain-Behavior Interactions - answer--> Modify the brain and see how the behaviours are altered * Develop hypothesis about how the brain affects behaviour and then test the hypothesis * Develop animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders Brain Lesions - answer--> Karl Lashley (1920s) to find location of memory in the brain (monkeys/rats) he used: * Ablation: Removal/destruction of tissue (large area gone = worse memory therefore memory is all of the brain) --> Scoville removed the hippocampus from the HM to treat epilepsy (made amnesia) --> Substantia Nigra ablated to study Parkinson's Stereotaxic Apparatus - answerAllows the precise position of all brain regions related to each other and to landmarks on the skull Compensation - answer--> The neuroplastic ability to modify behaviour from that used prior to the damage --> To avoid compensation following permanent lesions, temporary and reversible lesion techniques are used --> Regional cooling prevents synaptic transmission --> Local administration of a GABA agonist increases local inhibition Deep-Brain Stimulation - answerElectrodes are implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behaviour v. used for Parkinson's, OCD, depression Brain Stimulation - answer--> 1st used by Wilder Penfield to stimulate the cerebral cortex of humans during neurosurgery --> Rats w/ electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus eat whenever the. stimulation is turned on --> Electrically stimulating the intact cortex adjacent to cortex injured by stroke leads to improvement in motor behaviours --> Teskey and colleagues restored motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's by electrically stimulating a specific brain nucleus Self-Stimulation - answerGiven the opportunity, rats will press a lever to obtain the current The stimulation affects a neural circuit involving both eating and pleasure Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - answer--> Procedure where a magnetic coil is placed over the skull to stimulate the underlying brain --> Used to either induce behaviour or to disrupt ongoing behaviour --> The magnetic field easily passes through the skull and causes a population of neurons in the cerebral cortex to depolarize and fire --> In clinical therapy for depression TMS influences neural activity in a local region Drug Manipulations - answer--> Brain activity can be stimulated * Drugs can pass into the bloodstream and enter the brain through an indwelling cannula that allows direct application of drugs to specific brain structures --> Drugs can influence the activity of specific neurons in specific regions --> Because drug effects wear off over time, its possible to study drug effects on learned behaviours (ie. skilled reaching) Optogenetics and Chemogenetics - answerGenetic Manipulations and Combinations w/ Light and Drugs Optogenetics - answer--> Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue * Based discovery that light can activate pr