NSG-3130 Exam 4 Study Guide

Components of the heart the pump the electrical system the vascular system the blood volume serum lipid levels fats can clog blood vessels and decrease blood flow. LDL should be less than 130. HDL greater than 45. total cholesterol lower than 200. Serum Electrolytes can affect the conduction of the heart Hemoglobin An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen. Creatinine kinase and troponin is elevated with cardiac cell death. usually indicates an MI Preload amount of blood and pressure in the ventricle at the end of diastole. Increases due to increase of volume. Afterload the resistance that has to be exceeded for the ventricle to eject the blood during systole. Increases due to HTN or vasoconstriction. cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume Lifespan considerations -HR goes down in older adults -heart loses muscle tone which causes decrease of cardiac output -BP will trend up with age-Irregularities in infants and children in common -atherosclerosis is the build up of plaque in the vascular walls. more common in older adults -HTN typically elevates in older populations African American and hispanic populations are more likely to develop chronic HTN and heart diseases Geriatric concerns -blood vessels are less elastic -impaired valves due to stiffness causing a decrease in CO -Decreased baroreceptor response Non-modifiable risk factors age, race, family, gender ethnicity Modifiable risk factors lifestyle, diseases, and stress metabolic syndrome A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors: -central obesity -increased triglycerides -elevated cholesterol levels -hypertension -hyperglycemia C-reactive protein A nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection. elevated homocysteine levels ndicates presence of atherosclerosis and is a predictor of who is at risk Ischemia