Exam 2: NR283 / NR 283 (Latest 2024/2025 Update) Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A-Chamberlain

Exam 2: NR283 / NR 283 (Latest 2024/2025 Update) Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A-Chamberlain Q: Papilledema Swelling of the optic disc. Q: purpose of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Answer: is to protect the brain from injury, maintain homeostasis through the regulation of metabolites, exchange gases with the blood, and collect waste secreted by brain cells. CSF does not transport nutrients to the liver. Q: pain Answer: Unpleasant sensation or feeling of discomfort Q: Subjective Answer: It is what the person says it is Q: Types of Pain: Somatic Pain Answer: originates in the cutaneous or deeper structures (muscle, bone) Q: causes of pain Answer: Infection Ischemia Stretching of tissue, muscles, ligaments Chemicals Burns Q: Pain receptors (nociceptors) Answer: *Sensory nerve endings found in most tissues of the body *Stimulated by thermal, chemical mediators (bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins), or mechanical/physical means Q: Gate-control theory Answer: •Gates at the nerve synapses are built into the normal pain pathways in the body that can modify the entry of pain stimuli into the spinal cord and brain. •Open-permitting pain pulses •Closed-reducing or modifying the passage of the pain impulses •Occurs in response other sensory stimuli along competing nerve pathways-diminish pain sensations by modulating or inhibiting impulses from higher centers in the brain Factors that can affect gate closure-prior conditioning, emotional state & distracting events Q: Gate-control theory example Answer: Individual gets injured in a disaster-feels no pain-distracted by immediate danger Q: The purpose of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Answer: protect the brain from injury, maintain homeostasis through the regulation of metabolites, exchange gases with the blood, and collect waste secreted by brain cells. its does not transport nutrients to the liver. Q: CSF circulation System Answer: It is a closed system in which there is no escape for cerebral spinal fluid even when under high pressure. Q: The correct order of the layers of the skull and brain, from outside to inside Answer: Skin Skull Dura Mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Brain Q: what happen when there is too much pressure in CSF Answer: Increased pressure leads to symptoms. The higher the pressure, the more severe the symptoms are, and the more likely there could be brain tissue damage. Q: what increase intracranial pressure? Answer: meningitis (swelling), subdural hematoma (bleeding), brain tumor, excessive spinal fluid. Traumatic Brain Injury Q: age group and Increased Intracranial Pressure Answer: Traumatic brain injury is a common cause of increased intracranial pressure. This type of injury is more likely to occur in a younger age group (car accidents, sports injuries, bicycle and skateboard injuries, etc.). Elderly patients may experience increased intracranial pressure from falls or as side effects of blood thinner medications used for heart arrhythmias. Q: herniation Answer: life threatening injuries. This is where the pressure inside the skull pushes the brain stem through the foramen magnum, leading to death. Q: dysregulation Answer: The impairment of a physiological mechanism used in regula- tion; e.g., organ function, immune response, etc. Q: Increased Intracranial Pressure Signs and Symptoms : high brain pres- sure Answer: pain, papilledema pupils fixed and dilated levels of consciousness changes, vomiting, increased blood pressure, slow pulse