CRJ 302 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified)

CRJ 302 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified) The second step in the traditional model of science is which of the following? a. operationalization b. concepts c. methodology d. observation Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results to those that were found in her original study, and thereby engaged in: a. replication b. logical reasoning c. research and development d. theoretical repetition Stepping on a thorn for the first time and realizing that it is painful before anyone tells you it is painful is an example of: a. inaccurate observation b. experiential reality c. a nomothetic explanation d. agreement reality Gender and race are both examples of: a. an assessment b. a fallacy c. an attribute d. a variable The research process starts with: a. an idea b. data processing c. observations d. research methods Much of the current research in criminal justice and criminology focuses upon which of the following? a. a principle or law b. a systematic explanation of the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life c. a concept's theoretical counterpart d. basic building blocks of a concept The first part of most scholarly journal articles is: a. the introduction b. the methods section c. a research abstract d. the discussion section Samantha has concluded that living in a co-ed residence hall makes residents more alike. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected? a. illogical reasoning b. selective observation c. overgeneralization d. inaccurate observation Social science involves the study of: a. variables and attributes b. variables and concepts c. positives and negatives d. variables and paradigms Which type of research frequently involves the inductive method? a. surveys b. experiments c. field research d. use of existing data such as the Uniform Crime Reports Beginning with general, theoretical expectations about the impact of organizational characteristics on court operations, Eisenstein and Jacob then collected data to determine the accuracy of those expectations. This process is known as: a. the traditional image of science b. the deductive model c. the inductive model d. conceptualization When the relationship between two variables is drawn from a theory, it is said to be: a. a mini theory b. a paradigm c. a fact d. a hypothesis You count the number of students registered for your research methods class. This is an example of: a. intersubjectivity b. subjectivity c. theory d. objectivity Doing a literature review should be: a. unorganized b. done in pieces to set up a research problem c. done only when one has to do it d. systematic and deliberate One way social science differs from our casual day-to-day inquiry is that it is: a. a conscious activity b. a subconscious activity c. a formal activity d. an informal activity Operationalization means: a. the procedures we go through to identify and measure variables b. the part of a theory that tells us what statistics we can use c. the part of a theory that tells us how variables are related d. the procedures we go through before we can develop a hypothesis Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis? a. Those who study daily will have the highest grades. b. Males score higher in math than females. c. Why is the sky dark at night? d. Poor children have higher delinquency rates than middle-class children. Operationalization involves which of the following? a. developing a theory b. testing hypotheses c. testing theories d. identifying how you will measure a variable Criminal justice and human behavior can be studied scientifically. True False Overgeneralization can lead to misrepresentation and: a. complication b. replication c. simplification d. justification Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven't personally experienced. These types are: a. hard facts and complete data b. logical and hard facts c. epistemological and methodological d. logical and empirical Agreed on knowledge that others give us is known as: a. tradition and experience b. tradition and authority c. understanding d. agreement reality If a researcher wishes to determine how an innovative approach in policing in one district compares to other districts, he is undertaking what type of research? a. explanatory research b. exploratory research c. applied research d. descriptive research If grades go up as the number of study hours go up, this is called what type of relationship? a. a fluke b. positive c. inverse d. negative Selective observation can be the result of: a. replication b. ideology and politics c. illogical reasoning d. overgeneralization Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization. True False As we learn about the world around us we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what other sources of knowledge do we rely on? a. surveys and observations b. tradition and authority c. exploration and description d. aggregate data and survey data Dr. Quinn is interested in who is least likely to show up for their trial; those who bond out of jail with the help of a bondsman or those placed in a court sponsored pre-trial release program. The results of the study indicate that those inmates released using a bail bondsmen had a lower failure to appear at trial rate than those using court sponsored pre-trial release. The findings of the study are used to close the expensive court run pre-trial release program. This study is an example of what type of research? a. a paradigm shift b. basic or pure research c. theory building d. applied research If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don't fit. This is: a. inaccurate observation b. selective observation c. overgeneralization d. illogical reasoning Concrete steps that are used to measure specific concepts are referred to as: a. observations b. application c. operationalization d. conceptualization Deception of human subjects is never appropriate. True False A survey distributed on a college campus discovered that males support the death penalty in greater numbers than females. The units of analysis in this case would be a. individuals b. social artifacts c. organizations d. groups Federal regulations and IRB guidelines address ethical issues in social research. Which of the following represents the foremost or key ethical issue in social research? a. principle of do no harm b. principle of humane treatment c. principle of voluntary participation d. principle of special populations A web-based survey in which no log-in or other identifying information is required is an example of __________. a. confidentiality b. deceptive practices c. anonymity d. qualitative interviewing A condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question is a. an encouraging cause b. a motivational cause c. a sufficient cause d. a necessary cause Households used by the National Crime Victimization Survey are an example of which unit of analysis? a. individuals b. organizations c. groups d. social artifacts After a one-year study of the recidivism rates of boot camps in the state of Georgia, the lowest rates were found in the boot camps located in Macon. What units of analysis were used in this study? a. social artifacts b. organizations c. individuals d. groups Causally related can also be expressed as a. one relies upon the other b. one precedes the other c. one causes the other d. none of the above Confidentiality and anonymity mean the same thing, so they can be used interchangeably. True False Criminal justice researchers have ethical obligations to a. make shortcomings known to readers b. report negative findings c. colleagues in the scientific community d. all of the above A promise of anonymity is unlikely to be extended in which of the following techniques? a. personal interviews b. questionnaires that do not request identifying information c. anonymity is really impossible in all forms of research d. use of department of corrections summary data Construct validity refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested. True False True In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are being used? "An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural, and diversionary." a. individuals b. social artifacts c. groups d. organizations A researcher may face legal liability when a. they observe crime occurring during the course of their study but decide not to report it to the police b. they become a participant in the criminal activity they are observing c. they have knowledge that research subjects have committed illegal acts d. all of the above In order to protect prisoners since they are a special population, researchers should do all of the following except a. do not expose prisoners to risks that would be considered excessive for non-prison subjects b. offer the prisoners money to participate c. have at least one member of the institutional review board be either a prisoner or someone designated to represent the interests of the prisoners d. make sure there are no repercussions if prisoners choose not to participate in the research The researcher can lessen the potential for harm when doing research by a. having sensitivity to the issue and experience b. never telling the subject about the potential of harm c. paying no attention to the potential for harm d. using tricks to make the subject unaware of the harm potential All but which of the following would be a unit of analysis? a. individuals b. groups c. organizations d. social sentiments A major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation a. must be compensated b. must be voluntary c. must not be expensive d. must not be based on race Another word for an exploratory research study is a(n) a. correlational study b. longitudinal research study c. double-blind study d. cross-sectional research study An example of __________ is when a researcher is able to link information with a given person's identity but promises not to do so publicly. Confidentiality The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in a. a mental hospital b. a maximum security prison c. a death row wing of a federal penitentiary d. a laboratory In a web-based survey, anonymity can be achieved by a. not requiring participants to provide their name b. allowing respondents to remain anonymous c. not requiring participant login information d. all of the above According to the textbook, a major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation must be voluntary; this same norm applies to a. clinical-setting research b. humanities research c. criminal justice research d. ecumenical research In criminal justice research, there is a great deal of variation in what or who is studied—which are technically known as a. causal inferences b. population sampling distributions c. units of analysis d. trend studies According to federal regulations, which of the following represent special populations for purposes of criminal justice research? a. parolees b. corrections officers c. juveniles d. police officers The excitement and commitment to scientific advancement may lead researchers to a. overlook possible harms to participant well being b. overlook possible participant harms c. allow the ends to justify the means d. all of the above Ethical issues surrounding the prison simulation include all of the following except a. the project utilized only 21 participants b. guards were allowed to make up and modify rules as the project progressed c. the researchers were not fully aware of what they could expect from the simulation d. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures they would undergo A researcher compared the recidivism rates of drug abusers who were given probation with those who were sentenced to prison and discovered that the recidivism rates were highest for those sentenced to prison. What potential error is reflected by this conclusion? a. construct validity b. internal validity c. external validity d. statistical conclusion validity Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the simulated prison were accomplished by all of the following except a. allowing participants to select their preferred role (prisoner or guard) b. insisting that those who were assigned the guard role would not use physical force against those assigned to the role of prisoner c. any participant who showed distress was released from the simulation early d. making certain that all participants were psychologically healthy Crime surveys where respondents are asked about their experiences as victims of crime have the potential to cause a. psychological harm b. crime rates to increase c. false data as participants always fabricate information to avoid revealing embarrassing details d. physical trauma to the researcher