©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/21/2024 1:28 PM
AP Biology Midterm Review Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Dehydration - answer✔✔connecting monomers together by the removal of water
Hydrolysis - answer✔✔disassembling polymers by the addition of water
Disaccharides - answer✔✔glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose
+ galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides - answer✔✔Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids - answer✔✔hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Fats - answer✔✔consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no
double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids - answer✔✔consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is
hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Protein structure and organization - answer✔✔composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group,
hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary
(linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8) - answer✔✔1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport
proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids - answer✔✔DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C)
manufactures proteins
Nuclear Envelope - answer✔✔double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is
stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER
Chromatin - answer✔✔uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
Nucleolus - answer✔✔nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus
has one or more of these
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/21/2024 1:28 PM
Rough ER - answer✔✔covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by
ribosomes
Smooth ER - answer✔✔metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs,
detoxification of drugs and poisons)
Golgi - answer✔✔stores, transports, and secretes cell products
Cytoskeleton - answer✔✔supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products
Centrosomes (2 centrioles) - answer✔✔only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division
Lysosomes - answer✔✔only in animal cells, digestive organelles
Flagella - answer✔✔only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility
Extracellular Matrix - answer✔✔only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for
cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell
Central Vacuole - answer✔✔only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and
used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic - answer✔✔nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-
bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids
Phospholipid Bilayer - answer✔✔tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant
motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and
glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-
polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied
Passive trasport - answer✔✔movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion
2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins)
Active transport - answer✔✔movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium
pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
Membrane Potential - answer✔✔voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and
negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in
neurons)
Electrochemical Gradient - answer✔✔diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane
potential and concentration gradient
Hypertonic - answer✔✔solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this
solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed
AP Biology Midterm Review Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Dehydration - answer✔✔connecting monomers together by the removal of water
Hydrolysis - answer✔✔disassembling polymers by the addition of water
Disaccharides - answer✔✔glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose
+ galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides - answer✔✔Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids - answer✔✔hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Fats - answer✔✔consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no
double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids - answer✔✔consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is
hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Protein structure and organization - answer✔✔composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group,
hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary
(linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8) - answer✔✔1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport
proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids - answer✔✔DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C)
manufactures proteins
Nuclear Envelope - answer✔✔double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is
stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER
Chromatin - answer✔✔uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
Nucleolus - answer✔✔nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus
has one or more of these
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/21/2024 1:28 PM
Rough ER - answer✔✔covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by
ribosomes
Smooth ER - answer✔✔metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs,
detoxification of drugs and poisons)
Golgi - answer✔✔stores, transports, and secretes cell products
Cytoskeleton - answer✔✔supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products
Centrosomes (2 centrioles) - answer✔✔only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division
Lysosomes - answer✔✔only in animal cells, digestive organelles
Flagella - answer✔✔only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility
Extracellular Matrix - answer✔✔only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for
cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell
Central Vacuole - answer✔✔only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and
used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic - answer✔✔nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-
bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids
Phospholipid Bilayer - answer✔✔tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant
motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and
glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-
polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied
Passive trasport - answer✔✔movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion
2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins)
Active transport - answer✔✔movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium
pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
Membrane Potential - answer✔✔voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and
negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in
neurons)
Electrochemical Gradient - answer✔✔diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane
potential and concentration gradient
Hypertonic - answer✔✔solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this
solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed
