PHIL 1 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024/2025

PHIL 1 EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2024/2025

Circularity Fallacy - ANSWERSAccepting one of the premises assumes the truth of the conclusion



EX) The Bible says it is the word of God, Whatever God says is true, Everything in the Bible is true



Ad Hominem Fallacy - ANSWERSRejecting the argument because of the source and not the content



EX) Doctor argued that climate change is real, Doctor is a horrible person, climate change is not real



Abiguity Fallacy - ANSWERSKey term used in one premise, but then used in different sense, seems valid
but is not



EX) Fetus is made of human material, fetus is human, killing a human is wrong, abortion is killing a
human, abortion is wrong



A Priori - ANSWERSKnowledge that comes from theoretical deduction, without the use of experience or
senses



A Posteriori - ANSWERSKnowledge that comes from observations or senses



OPRA - ANSWERS1) what is Overall issue

2) what Position is the author taking on issue

3) what Reasoning does the author use to support position

4) Analyze that reasoning (is argument valid or sound)



Rene Descartes - ANSWERSFrench philosopher, meditations, all knowledge from senses should be
doubted