WGU Biochemistry OA (Latest 2024/2025) Verified
Answers
What is DNA Transcription? - When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and
matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with
RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA
What is NecleoTIDE repair - CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and
repairs it. A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion,
along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by DNA polymerase.
What is Homologous Recombination? - It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by
copying another strand of DNA and replacing it completely.
What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion? - Another last effort to repair a double strand
break by putting the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied.
This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift mutations).
What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA take
the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a
correct pair. - It must bind to RNA primer
What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule? - introns (non-
coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence.
What is Gene Expression? - The ability to turn genes on and off
What is epigenetics? - The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of
gene expression NOT alternation of the gene code.
What is packaging of DNA? - Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to
form tight loops called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to
form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the nucleosomes are wide spread and
OFF if the genes are tightly packed)
What is needed for DNA replication? - Polymerase
What is NonSense Mutation - A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one
nucleotide) that results in a premature STOP codon
, What is a Silent Mutation? - A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect
on the organism's phenotype. (1 neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino
acid)
Autosomal - Males and Females are equally affected
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - The process of copying DNA in the lab.
What is needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Template DNA, Nucleotides
(dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers.
What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? - Denaturing,
Annealing, Elongating
What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Denaturing (DNA is heated up
to separate it)
What is Annealing? - Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA
that you want to copy and ADD DNA Polymerase
What is elongating? - The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase
adds nucleotides to build a new DNA strand.
What is NOT involved in PCR? - Ligase
What is base excision repair (BER)? - It is used to repair damage to bases caused by
harmful molecules by removing the base that is damaged and replacing it. #1
GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase puts the right one back
#3 DNA Ligase seals it.
What are the 3 steps in base excision repair? - DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and
removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back, DNA ligase seals it back up.
How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove? - 1
What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from the DNA so that
DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage) - Mismatch Repair
(MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING
What repairs a base mismatch? - Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with
T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and
MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase
tries again.
Answers
What is DNA Transcription? - When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and
matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with
RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA
What is NecleoTIDE repair - CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and
repairs it. A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion,
along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by DNA polymerase.
What is Homologous Recombination? - It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by
copying another strand of DNA and replacing it completely.
What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion? - Another last effort to repair a double strand
break by putting the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied.
This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift mutations).
What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA take
the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a
correct pair. - It must bind to RNA primer
What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule? - introns (non-
coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence.
What is Gene Expression? - The ability to turn genes on and off
What is epigenetics? - The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of
gene expression NOT alternation of the gene code.
What is packaging of DNA? - Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to
form tight loops called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to
form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the nucleosomes are wide spread and
OFF if the genes are tightly packed)
What is needed for DNA replication? - Polymerase
What is NonSense Mutation - A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one
nucleotide) that results in a premature STOP codon
, What is a Silent Mutation? - A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect
on the organism's phenotype. (1 neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino
acid)
Autosomal - Males and Females are equally affected
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - The process of copying DNA in the lab.
What is needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Template DNA, Nucleotides
(dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers.
What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? - Denaturing,
Annealing, Elongating
What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain Reaction? - Denaturing (DNA is heated up
to separate it)
What is Annealing? - Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA
that you want to copy and ADD DNA Polymerase
What is elongating? - The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase
adds nucleotides to build a new DNA strand.
What is NOT involved in PCR? - Ligase
What is base excision repair (BER)? - It is used to repair damage to bases caused by
harmful molecules by removing the base that is damaged and replacing it. #1
GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase puts the right one back
#3 DNA Ligase seals it.
What are the 3 steps in base excision repair? - DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and
removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back, DNA ligase seals it back up.
How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove? - 1
What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from the DNA so that
DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage) - Mismatch Repair
(MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING
What repairs a base mismatch? - Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with
T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and
MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase
tries again.
