Final BioChem I MLSP 354 || A Verified A+ Pass.
What is free energy? correct answers Energy available to do work
What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions? correct answers
Exothermic releases heat, endothermic absorbs heat
What is reaction coupling? correct answers Linking exothermic and endothermic reactions to
drive unfavorable reactions
What is Le Chetalier's Principle? correct answers System will shift to counteract stress
How do you calculate free energy of coupled reactions? correct answers Add the free energies of
each reaction
What are oxidizing and reducing agents? correct answers Oxidizing agent accepts electrons,
reducing agent donates electrons
What is NAD(P)H → NAD(P)+? correct answers Oxidation
What is NAD(P)+ → NAD(P)H? correct answers Reduction
What is FADH/FADH2? correct answers Electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation
What are the different types of monosaccharides? correct answers Triose, tetrose, pentose,
hexose, heptose
What are aldose and ketoses? correct answers Aldose has an aldehyde group, ketose has a ketone
group
What are isomers, enantiomers, epimers, and anomers? correct answers Isomers have same
formula, different structure; enantiomers are mirror images; epimers differ at one carbon;
anomers differ at hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon
What are the different structures of monosaccharides? correct answers Linear and cyclic
What are the different disaccharides? correct answers Sucrose, mannose, lactose
What are α versus β linkages? correct answers α linkage has OH below plane, β linkage has OH
above plane
What are the different linkages in disaccharides? correct answers 1-4, 1-6, 1-2 linkages
What are the different complex carbohydrates? correct answers Cellulose, starch, glycogen
,What is the difference in connectivity and branching of complex carbohydrates? correct answers
Cellulose is linear, starch is branched, glycogen is highly branched
What are the reactions in the energy investment stage of glycolysis? correct answers Glucose →
G6P, G6P → F6P, F6P → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What are the reactions in the payoff stage of glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate →
pyruvate
What is the net balance of ATP and NADH in glycolysis? correct answers 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What is the oxidation step in glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
What are the ATP consumption/generation steps in glycolysis? correct answers Phosphorylation
of glucose, phosphorylation of F6P, substrate-level phosphorylation of G3P and PEP
What are the regulatory steps in glycolysis? correct answers Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase,
pyruvate kinase
What are the positive regulators in glycolysis? correct answers AMP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
What are the negative regulators in glycolysis? correct answers NADH, ATP, acetyl CoA,
pyruvate
What are the structures of intermediates in glycolysis? correct answers G6P, F6P, Fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate, G3P, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, PEP, pyruvate
What is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? correct answers Pyruvate → acetyl-CoA +
CO2
What are the other fates/roles for pyruvate? correct answers Alanine synthesis, lactate synthesis
What is the linkage of glycolysis to TCA cycle? correct answers Acetyl-CoA enters TCA cycle
What are the other roles of Acetyl-CoA? correct answers Fatty acid synthesis, product of fatty
acid degradation, ketone body synthesis, product of ketone body degradation, cholesterol
precursor
What are the structures of intermediates in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate,
isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate
What are the reactions in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Oxidative decarboxylations,
isomerization
,What are the steps leading to NADH, FADH2, and GTP/ATP in the citric acid cycle? correct
answers NADH: isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA, malate →
oxaloacetate; FADH2: succinate → fumarate; GTP/ATP: succinyl-CoA → succinate
What are the regulated steps in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate synthase, isocitrate
dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
What is glucose priming? correct answers Process of adding glucose to glycogen chain
What is the role of phosphoglucomutase in glucose priming? correct answers Converts glucose-
1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
What is the role of UTP + glucose in glucose priming? correct answers Provides energy for
glucose addition to glycogenin
What is glycogenin? correct answers Protein that initiates glycogen synthesis
What is glycogen synthase? correct answers Enzyme that adds glucose to glycogen chain
What is branching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that creates branches in glycogen chain
What is connectivity in glycogen? correct answers Linkages between main chains and branches
What are the hormones that regulate glycogen synthesis and breakdown? correct answers Insulin,
glucagon, epinephrine
What is the reaction for glycogen breakdown? correct answers Glycogen + Pi → glycogen - 1 +
glucose-1-phosphate
What is glycogen phosphorylase? correct answers Enzyme that breaks down glycogen into
glucose-1-phosphate
What is debranching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that removes branches in glycogen chain
What is the key difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? correct answers Opposite
regulation of enzymes
What is glucose-6-phosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to
glucose
What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
What is pyruvate carboxylase? correct answers Enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
, What is the role of malate conversion in gluconeogenesis? correct answers Converts
mitochondrial oxaloacetate to cytosolic oxaloacetate
What is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase? correct answers Enzyme that converts
oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
What are the cellular regulators of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Positively regulated by
ATP, pyruvate, acetyl CoA; negatively regulated by AMP
What is the hormonal regulator of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Glucagon
What is beta-oxidation? correct answers Process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl CoA
What is the structure of mitochondrion? correct answers Outer membrane, intermembrane space,
inner membrane, matrix
What is fatty acid activation? correct answers Process of adding CoA to fatty acid
What is the role of CPT1 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Carnitinylation of fatty acid
What is the role of CPT2 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Decarnitinylation of fatty acid
What is the process of beta-oxidation? correct answers Oxidation-1, hydration, oxidation-2,
hydrolysis/bond cleavage, reinitiation of next cycle
What are the cellular regulators of beta-oxidation? correct answers Negatively regulated by ATP,
acetyl CoA; positively regulated by AMP
What is ketone body production? correct answers Process of producing ketone bodies from
acetyl CoA
What are the steps involved in ketone body production? correct answers Acetyl CoA →
AcetoacetylCoA → HMG CoA → Acetoacetate → β-hydroxybutyrate
What are the reasons for ketone body production? correct answers Low glucose availability, high
energy demand
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)? correct answers Process of transferring electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
What is the role of complex I in ETC? correct answers Transfers electrons from NADH to
coenzyme Q and pumps 4 protons
What is the role of complex II in ETC? correct answers Harvests electrons from FADH2 and
transfers to coenzyme Q
What is free energy? correct answers Energy available to do work
What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions? correct answers
Exothermic releases heat, endothermic absorbs heat
What is reaction coupling? correct answers Linking exothermic and endothermic reactions to
drive unfavorable reactions
What is Le Chetalier's Principle? correct answers System will shift to counteract stress
How do you calculate free energy of coupled reactions? correct answers Add the free energies of
each reaction
What are oxidizing and reducing agents? correct answers Oxidizing agent accepts electrons,
reducing agent donates electrons
What is NAD(P)H → NAD(P)+? correct answers Oxidation
What is NAD(P)+ → NAD(P)H? correct answers Reduction
What is FADH/FADH2? correct answers Electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation
What are the different types of monosaccharides? correct answers Triose, tetrose, pentose,
hexose, heptose
What are aldose and ketoses? correct answers Aldose has an aldehyde group, ketose has a ketone
group
What are isomers, enantiomers, epimers, and anomers? correct answers Isomers have same
formula, different structure; enantiomers are mirror images; epimers differ at one carbon;
anomers differ at hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon
What are the different structures of monosaccharides? correct answers Linear and cyclic
What are the different disaccharides? correct answers Sucrose, mannose, lactose
What are α versus β linkages? correct answers α linkage has OH below plane, β linkage has OH
above plane
What are the different linkages in disaccharides? correct answers 1-4, 1-6, 1-2 linkages
What are the different complex carbohydrates? correct answers Cellulose, starch, glycogen
,What is the difference in connectivity and branching of complex carbohydrates? correct answers
Cellulose is linear, starch is branched, glycogen is highly branched
What are the reactions in the energy investment stage of glycolysis? correct answers Glucose →
G6P, G6P → F6P, F6P → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What are the reactions in the payoff stage of glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate →
pyruvate
What is the net balance of ATP and NADH in glycolysis? correct answers 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What is the oxidation step in glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
What are the ATP consumption/generation steps in glycolysis? correct answers Phosphorylation
of glucose, phosphorylation of F6P, substrate-level phosphorylation of G3P and PEP
What are the regulatory steps in glycolysis? correct answers Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase,
pyruvate kinase
What are the positive regulators in glycolysis? correct answers AMP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
What are the negative regulators in glycolysis? correct answers NADH, ATP, acetyl CoA,
pyruvate
What are the structures of intermediates in glycolysis? correct answers G6P, F6P, Fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate, G3P, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, PEP, pyruvate
What is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? correct answers Pyruvate → acetyl-CoA +
CO2
What are the other fates/roles for pyruvate? correct answers Alanine synthesis, lactate synthesis
What is the linkage of glycolysis to TCA cycle? correct answers Acetyl-CoA enters TCA cycle
What are the other roles of Acetyl-CoA? correct answers Fatty acid synthesis, product of fatty
acid degradation, ketone body synthesis, product of ketone body degradation, cholesterol
precursor
What are the structures of intermediates in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate,
isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate
What are the reactions in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Oxidative decarboxylations,
isomerization
,What are the steps leading to NADH, FADH2, and GTP/ATP in the citric acid cycle? correct
answers NADH: isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA, malate →
oxaloacetate; FADH2: succinate → fumarate; GTP/ATP: succinyl-CoA → succinate
What are the regulated steps in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate synthase, isocitrate
dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
What is glucose priming? correct answers Process of adding glucose to glycogen chain
What is the role of phosphoglucomutase in glucose priming? correct answers Converts glucose-
1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
What is the role of UTP + glucose in glucose priming? correct answers Provides energy for
glucose addition to glycogenin
What is glycogenin? correct answers Protein that initiates glycogen synthesis
What is glycogen synthase? correct answers Enzyme that adds glucose to glycogen chain
What is branching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that creates branches in glycogen chain
What is connectivity in glycogen? correct answers Linkages between main chains and branches
What are the hormones that regulate glycogen synthesis and breakdown? correct answers Insulin,
glucagon, epinephrine
What is the reaction for glycogen breakdown? correct answers Glycogen + Pi → glycogen - 1 +
glucose-1-phosphate
What is glycogen phosphorylase? correct answers Enzyme that breaks down glycogen into
glucose-1-phosphate
What is debranching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that removes branches in glycogen chain
What is the key difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? correct answers Opposite
regulation of enzymes
What is glucose-6-phosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to
glucose
What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
What is pyruvate carboxylase? correct answers Enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
, What is the role of malate conversion in gluconeogenesis? correct answers Converts
mitochondrial oxaloacetate to cytosolic oxaloacetate
What is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase? correct answers Enzyme that converts
oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
What are the cellular regulators of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Positively regulated by
ATP, pyruvate, acetyl CoA; negatively regulated by AMP
What is the hormonal regulator of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Glucagon
What is beta-oxidation? correct answers Process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl CoA
What is the structure of mitochondrion? correct answers Outer membrane, intermembrane space,
inner membrane, matrix
What is fatty acid activation? correct answers Process of adding CoA to fatty acid
What is the role of CPT1 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Carnitinylation of fatty acid
What is the role of CPT2 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Decarnitinylation of fatty acid
What is the process of beta-oxidation? correct answers Oxidation-1, hydration, oxidation-2,
hydrolysis/bond cleavage, reinitiation of next cycle
What are the cellular regulators of beta-oxidation? correct answers Negatively regulated by ATP,
acetyl CoA; positively regulated by AMP
What is ketone body production? correct answers Process of producing ketone bodies from
acetyl CoA
What are the steps involved in ketone body production? correct answers Acetyl CoA →
AcetoacetylCoA → HMG CoA → Acetoacetate → β-hydroxybutyrate
What are the reasons for ketone body production? correct answers Low glucose availability, high
energy demand
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)? correct answers Process of transferring electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
What is the role of complex I in ETC? correct answers Transfers electrons from NADH to
coenzyme Q and pumps 4 protons
What is the role of complex II in ETC? correct answers Harvests electrons from FADH2 and
transfers to coenzyme Q
