CSU PSY 252 Exam #2
Feature Search - ✔️✔️Search for a target defined by a single attribute
- If salient feature (different) number does not matter
- If the feature is different enough, it becomes easier to find the target
- Reaction Time for feature searches does not change with set size
Monocular Depth Cues - ✔️✔️Represented in 2D and observed with one eye
1. Texture Gradient (closer, larger grains, farther apart, away - smaller grains, closer
together)
2. Relative Size (closer - bigger, away - smaller)
3. Interposition (closer object partially obscured by other object)
4. Linear perspective - parallel lines seem to converge as they approach the horizon
(ex: train tracks)
5. Aerial Perspective - (the closer the object the crisper images seem, more clearly
delineated)
6. Motion Parallax - objects approaching get larger and closer objects move more
quickly
Sensation - ✔️✔️Gathering of information through senses (auditory + visual)
Perception - ✔️✔️Interpreting information gathered (recognition + organizing)
Optical Illusion - ✔️✔️Seeing something that does not exist or that is other than it
appears
-created by use of visual cues that we use everyday
Binocular Depth Cues - ✔️✔️Using 2 eyes, 3D
1. Binocular convergence
- Closer the object, the more eyes must turn inward
- muscles send messages to the brain regarding degree eyes are turning inward
- These messages are interpreted as cues indicating depth
2. Binocular Disparity
- Closer an object, the greater the disparity between the views of it as sensed by each
eye
- apparent jumping of images between the two eyes, which indicated amount of
binocular disparity decreases with distance
Gestalt Psychology (principles related) - ✔️✔️Goals: address directly the more global,
holistic processes involved in perceiving structure in the environment (describe
phenomenon, but doesn't explain it)
- Figure-ground: Figure=prominent object, ground=background
, - Proximity: perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group
- Similarity - perceive objects that are similar to each other as forming a group
- Continuity - perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted of
discontinuous ones
- Closure - close up, or complete, objects that are not complete
- Symmetry - perceive objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point
Attention - ✔️✔️Requires:
- Selection: Choosing stimuli from the group of input, to avoid information overload
because we have limited capacity
- Concentration: Allows us to apply specific mental resources
- Control
Theories of Attention - ✔️✔️- Spotlight Model: Attention moves from one specific point
to the next
- Zoom lens model: Attention scans and zooms in and out on cued locations
Visual Search - ✔️✔️Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements
- provide a closer approximation of some of the actions of attentions
Reaction Time - ✔️✔️Time from the onset of stimulus to a response
Target - ✔️✔️The goal of a visual serach
Distractor - ✔️✔️Any stimulus other than the target
Set Size - ✔️✔️Number of items in a visual display, distractors, and targets
- typically it is easier to find a target in a smaller set size
Salience - ✔️✔️Vividness of a stimulus
Common salient cues: color, orientation, and motion
Parallel Search - ✔️✔️Processing of multiple stimuli at the same time
Conjunction Search - ✔️✔️No single feature defines the target
- Co occurrence of two or more features
Serial Self-Terminating Search - ✔️✔️- Items examined one after another until target is
found or all items are checked
- Assumes items are examined one at a time
- Each items takes roughly the same amount of time to examine
- If the target is present we look at roughly half of the items
- If target is absent, all items will be examined
Feature Integration Theory
Feature Search - ✔️✔️Search for a target defined by a single attribute
- If salient feature (different) number does not matter
- If the feature is different enough, it becomes easier to find the target
- Reaction Time for feature searches does not change with set size
Monocular Depth Cues - ✔️✔️Represented in 2D and observed with one eye
1. Texture Gradient (closer, larger grains, farther apart, away - smaller grains, closer
together)
2. Relative Size (closer - bigger, away - smaller)
3. Interposition (closer object partially obscured by other object)
4. Linear perspective - parallel lines seem to converge as they approach the horizon
(ex: train tracks)
5. Aerial Perspective - (the closer the object the crisper images seem, more clearly
delineated)
6. Motion Parallax - objects approaching get larger and closer objects move more
quickly
Sensation - ✔️✔️Gathering of information through senses (auditory + visual)
Perception - ✔️✔️Interpreting information gathered (recognition + organizing)
Optical Illusion - ✔️✔️Seeing something that does not exist or that is other than it
appears
-created by use of visual cues that we use everyday
Binocular Depth Cues - ✔️✔️Using 2 eyes, 3D
1. Binocular convergence
- Closer the object, the more eyes must turn inward
- muscles send messages to the brain regarding degree eyes are turning inward
- These messages are interpreted as cues indicating depth
2. Binocular Disparity
- Closer an object, the greater the disparity between the views of it as sensed by each
eye
- apparent jumping of images between the two eyes, which indicated amount of
binocular disparity decreases with distance
Gestalt Psychology (principles related) - ✔️✔️Goals: address directly the more global,
holistic processes involved in perceiving structure in the environment (describe
phenomenon, but doesn't explain it)
- Figure-ground: Figure=prominent object, ground=background
, - Proximity: perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group
- Similarity - perceive objects that are similar to each other as forming a group
- Continuity - perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted of
discontinuous ones
- Closure - close up, or complete, objects that are not complete
- Symmetry - perceive objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point
Attention - ✔️✔️Requires:
- Selection: Choosing stimuli from the group of input, to avoid information overload
because we have limited capacity
- Concentration: Allows us to apply specific mental resources
- Control
Theories of Attention - ✔️✔️- Spotlight Model: Attention moves from one specific point
to the next
- Zoom lens model: Attention scans and zooms in and out on cued locations
Visual Search - ✔️✔️Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements
- provide a closer approximation of some of the actions of attentions
Reaction Time - ✔️✔️Time from the onset of stimulus to a response
Target - ✔️✔️The goal of a visual serach
Distractor - ✔️✔️Any stimulus other than the target
Set Size - ✔️✔️Number of items in a visual display, distractors, and targets
- typically it is easier to find a target in a smaller set size
Salience - ✔️✔️Vividness of a stimulus
Common salient cues: color, orientation, and motion
Parallel Search - ✔️✔️Processing of multiple stimuli at the same time
Conjunction Search - ✔️✔️No single feature defines the target
- Co occurrence of two or more features
Serial Self-Terminating Search - ✔️✔️- Items examined one after another until target is
found or all items are checked
- Assumes items are examined one at a time
- Each items takes roughly the same amount of time to examine
- If the target is present we look at roughly half of the items
- If target is absent, all items will be examined
Feature Integration Theory
