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HUB2021S - Practical Exam Notes
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This document contains HUB2021S practical notes, including questions and answers from quizzes done throughout the semester (from 2023). The content includes: (1) cardiovascular system, (2) Renal histology, (3) Neuroanatomy and histology, (4) Neurophysiology, (5) Hodgkin-Huxley model of the acti...

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  • October 19, 2024
  • 22
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • human biology practical exam notes

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HUB2021S – Practical Exam Notes


Cardiovascular system


Calculate the heart rate:
- Count the number of peaks over the time period given; time is in seconds, convert to
minutes
- 46 beats per minute




A frog heart was connected to a force transducer and perfused:

,Direct stimulation of the heart:




A wave of atrial and ventricular
systole is depicted. Stimulation
occurred between atrial systole-
diastole and ventricular systole.




Ventricular systole is observed,
followed by an extra systole.
Because of this, a
compensatory pause followed
which is a long pause after an
abnormal heat. The heat then
returns backs to sinus rhythm.
Stimulation occurred during
ventricular diastole.


Ringer’s solution at different temperatures:
Room temperature (23°C)




Higher temperature = greater number of beats
per minutes

, Lower temperature = lower number of beats per
minute




Baseline measurements were made which is labelled as the “normal” phase → a chemical
was added at point 1→ the heart was flushed which is shown by the second “normal phase”
→ a second chemical was added at point 2




Point 1 –
- Mimics the sympathetic nervous pathway of the autonomic nervous system
- It caused an increase in the heart rate and an increase force production
Point 2 –
- Mimics the parasympathetic nervous pathway of the autonomic nervous system
- It caused a decrease in the heart rate and a decrease in force production

Cardiac physiology:
- The slow Calcium channels can be found in the cardiac muscle action potentials
- The slow Calcium channels prevent the cardiac muscle cells from entering tetanus
- The slow Calcium channels lengthen the cardiac muscle’s absolute refractory period

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