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Summary Grade 12 - Human Reproduction R50,00
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Summary Grade 12 - Human Reproduction

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This document contains information for the IEB Life Sciences Grade 12 curriculum. It has notes on human reproduction including human reproductive anatomy, the menstrual cycle, hormones of the menstrual cycle, contraception, infertility and STIs.

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  • November 9, 2020
  • 15
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

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Human Reproduction


Testes


Primary sex organ in men

- 2°C to 3°C lower than body temperature for optimal sperm production
- Oval shaped, enclosed in scrotum



Divided into compartments called lobules

- Contain seminiferous tubules
o Lined with germinal epithelium
o Epithelium divides into sperm cells



Inside the seminiferous tubules

- The germinal epithelium turns into sperm
o This is done by meiosis
- Some turn into long columnar cells (Sertoli Cells)
o These provide food for the developing sperm



The tubules are surrounded by connective tissue

- This tissue contains the cells of Leydig
o They produce testosterone



Function of testes

They produce and release sperm

They produce testosterone

- It is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics



Puberty

- Sex organs develop (penis and testes grow)
- Luteinizing hormone stimulates the cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the production of sperm

, Human Reproduction


Parts of the male reproductive system


Epididymis

- Seminiferous tubules join to form the epididymis
o Long convoluted tubule lined with mucous
o Found at the back of the testes
- Stores sperm until it is mature enough to fertilise an egg
- Mucous in the epididymis and peristalsis facilitate movement



Vas Deferens (sperm duct)

- Continuation of the epididymis through the abdomen to the urethra
- Forms a swelling before joining the urethra (ampulla)
- Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra



Ejaculatory duct

- Muscular tubule which contracts to force semen out

of the body (ejaculation)



Urethra

- The 2 ejaculatory ducts join the urethra
- The urethra transports sperm and urine out the body (never simultaneously)



Seminal Vesicle

- Sac-like structures lined with mucous connected to the ampulla
- Mucous membrane provides fructose as food for the sperm



Prostate Gland

- Conical gland surrounding the urethra close to the ejaculatory duct and bladder
- Secretes alkaline liquid which ensures sperm mobility and neutralises vagina pH



Cowpers Gland

- Two small glands on either side of the urethra, just below the prostate gland
- Ensures sperm mobility by clearing the urethra of urine and lubricating the sperm head

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