This is a visual English summary of the Genes & Environment Interplay (Behavioral Genetics) course at the VU Amsterdam (second year). It includes everything from the lectures. I added some things from the first few chapters of the book, but please not that not the entire book is covered since a lot...
Each chapters discussed together are linked to the same lecture
After two lectures (a week) there is a space to write a very short summary
Use the sidebar with cues of topics and terms to
study by covering the actual content next to it
(If you want, you can also add your own cues)
Chapter 2 & 3
Here you can read what the chapter(s) are about
Blue highlights Green highlights are for structuring
indicate a topic 1. Terms can also be highlighted in the text
2. Sometimes, if an explanation is a bit longer (or you want to scan the text),
a pink highlight might be used again to give structure to the text and
Yellow highlights highlight the most important aspects of the text.
indicate a term
, Lecture 1 & 2
Historical perspectives, Mendel, biological basis of heredity (related to week 1)
I
History of genetic
discoveries
Mendel’s laws 1. The law of segregation
= individuals have two elements, alleles, for each trait which segregate
during reproduction. Offspring thus get one allele from each parent.
-
. Alleles can be dominant (S) or recessive (s). A recessive allele is
only expressed when paired with another recessive allele (ss),
but someone with a both can still pass the recessive allele on.
2. The law of independent assortment
= the inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance
pattern of another trait. (e.g. tail length will not affect furr color)
,Punett Square = a way of visually illustrating the combining of alleles
I
Terminology
Gene = the basic unit of inheritance
Allele = the alternative variants of a gene (dominant or recessive)
Genotype = the combination of alleles at a locus (SS, Ss, ss)
Phenotype = the observed trait of an organism (due to the dominant allele or 2 recessives)
Homozygosity = 2 same alleles at a locus
Heterozygosity = 2 different alleles at a locus
Chromosome = the physical units of inheritance carrying the genes
Genome = all DNA sequences of an organism
Locus = the site of a gene on a chromosome
Autosome = all other chromosomes than X or Y (aka all others than sex chromosomes)
Gametes = egg or sperm
Recombination = the process of chromosomes exchanging parts during meiosis (egg + sperm)
Mendelian disorders
Huntington’s = inherited brain disorder causing progressive deterioration & eventual death
Symptoms: Uncontrollable movements, abnormal balance, slurred
speech, difficulty thinking, personality changes
Cause: A dominant allele (so if you have it, you will become ill)
Cure: None available
PKU = metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency preventing the normal
metabolization of phenylalanine present in protein rich foods, which can
cause damage to the nervous system leading to mental retardation
Cause: A recessive allele (so you need two to express the disease)
Cure: Phenyl-free diet
.
.÷
, Exceptions to 1. X-linked inheritance (sex-dependent)
Mendel’s 2nd law (of -
I Because males only have one x chromosome, if there is a recessive
¥i÷ ÷ ÷
independent allele on this one x chromosome (e.g. color blindness) than this may
assortment) still be expressed (because there’s no other x allele to cancel it out)
2. Linkage
= Loci that are close together on a chromosome and thus inherited
together within families.
Qualitative vs
Quantitative traits
Polygenic = a trait influenced by many genes
Liability-threshold = assumes that dichotomous disorders are due to underlying genetic liabilities
model which are distributed normally & the disorder only appears when a
threshold of liability is exceeded.
run opposite
the genetic basis
DNA (CH4) O
~
O -
.÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
:
Cytosine
+
Guanine
Adenine .
"
+
Thymine
-
double cell
helix
cell membrane
nucleus
s
• Bases are paired with
hydrogen bonds
Gene '
chromosome )
↳ Att 2 H bonds
Always these
-
two Combo 's
-
-
•
↳ Gtc :3 H bonds
because purines (Ak G) Combine
-
••
Individual nucleotides with pyrimidines (Cdt ) \
are linked together by / cytoplasm
phosphodiester bonds mitochondrion
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