Samenvatting

Complete Samenvatting Interpersoonlijke Communicatie

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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Een uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak Interpersoonlijke Communicatie. Alle stof van het vak is inbegrepen. Alle aantekeningen van de colleges en stof uit het boek.

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Heel boek samengevat? Ja
Geupload op 19 maart 2021
Aantal pagina's 92
Geschreven in 2019/2020
Type Samenvatting

communicatie
interpersoonlijk
hoofdstukken
colleges
nonverbale communicatie
understanding
mutual
compleet
interpersoonlijke communicatie
samenvatting

IPC SAMENVATTING

HC1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IPC AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Literatuur: Hargie 1,2 & Stone intro, 1

Video: The still face experiment

IPC processes determine:
 Mutual understanding, agreement vs. disagreement, mutual relationship,
achievement of goals
People with good interpersonal skills have:
 Less stress, higher self-efficacy
 More satisfaction in intimate relationships
 More friends, less depression / loneliness / anxiety
Interventions and advice
 Communication within companies (internal comm.)
 Communication companies with customers (example: webcare)
 Healthcare: e.g., doctor-patient communication, e-health
Also related to own effectivity

Transactional model is better model of communication.
= cooperative / collaboration, ongoing process, adapting, create mutual meaning
Coordinated Management of Meaning (Pearce & Cronen, 1980)
Transactive
Joint action
Interdependence, reciprocity
Interpretations about meanings and intentions on both sides
Much is left unsaid

Language is ambiguous
example
Derek Bentley (England, 1952)
“Let him have it”
Interpretations also play a role on conversation- and relationship level

Misinterpretations
Example: first meet
 (unintentional) touch / eye contact
 Sexual overperception bias: the tendency to believe that others are more sexually
interested in you than they actually are (Haselton, 2003)
o Particularly found for men (not women)
 Link #metoo?

,How do we understand each other?
“it is a common misperception that language use has primarily to do with words and what
they mean. It does not. It has primarily to do with people and what they mean. It is
essentially about speakers’ intentions? (Clark & Schober, 1992)
How do we come to understand each other’s intentions?
 Influence of: context, medium, behavior of conversation partners

Context and mutual understanding
Meaning of verbal and nonverbal behavior

Context dimensions:
 Set induction
 Physical environment
 Temporal factors (time)
 Social psychological factors
o Interpersonal relationship (roles, status, history)
o Communication history (common ground)
 Culture
 Type of situation (e.g., scripts = expectancies you have of certain situations)

Behavior and mutual understanding
Behavior of conversation partners determines the course of conversations
 interdependence

The medium and mutual understanding
Medium determines which (interactive) behavior is possible, which signals go back and forth

Important topics in IPC:
 Constraints and affordance of different media
 Media richness
 Social presence

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Purposes of nonverbal communication
1. Replacing, complementing and modifying verbal communication
2. Regulating conversations
3. Conveying personal and social identity
4. Contextualizing interaction
5. Negotiating relationships

,Negotiating relationships:
Nonconscious mimicry = copy each other’s nonverbal behavior
 Chameleon effect (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999)
 Mimicry occurs automatically (unconscious, no awareness, unintentional,
uncontrollable)
 With more mimicry: interaction experienced as more pleasant, interaction partner
judged as nicer
o Example: waitress receives more tips when subtly mimicking customers
 Cf. Communication Accommodation Theory
 Neurological explanation: mirror neurons
o Perceiving an action activates motor cortex  “motor readiness” to perform
the same action

Nonverbal complementary (Tiedens & Fragale, 2003)
 What happens with power related nonverbal behavior? (status, dominance)
 Mimicry of complementarity?
o Dominant body posture: taking…
 Experiment 1 results: participants tend to spontaneously take complementary body
posture (dominant / submissive)
 Experiment 2 results: with complementary (opposite posture): interaction
experienced as more pleasant, partner judged as nicer, with similarity in posture
(mimicry) interaction is experienced as relatively unpleasant.

Negotiating hierarchy
 Nonverbal ‘status’ position
 Submissive:
o Hedges
o Hesitations
o Tag questions (toch?)
o Higher vocal pitch, low volume
o Eye gaze: divert
o Turn taking, not interrupting
 Interpersonal circumplex models
 It also depends on personality and context
 Prolong eye contact (vs. gaze aversion): a sign of dominance
o Gaze contest
 Onderzoek: dispositionally dominant persons “automatically lock eyes” with angry
faces
o Faces presented subliminally (outside awareness) on computer screen
o Participants with a dominant personality take longer to look away from angry
faces

, HC1 BOEKNOTITIES
Hargie 1 + 2, Stone intro + 1

Message = content of communication

Medium = means of conveying the message
 Presentational: voice, body, face
 Representational: books, paintings, architecture, photographs
 Technological/mechanical: internet, phone, television, radio

Channel = that which connects the medium
 Vocal-auditory: channel which carries speech
 Gestural-visual: channel which facilitates much nonverbal communication
 Chemical-olfactory: channel accommodating smell
 Cutaneous-tactile: channel which enables us to make interpersonal use of touch

Code = system of meaning shared by a group

Noise = any interference with the success of the communicative act that distorts or degrades
the message, meaning taken is not that intended

Feedback = if the message has been successfully received and the impact that it has had

Context = physical, social, chronological, cultural, relational

Personal characteristics
Attitude
 Affective: how one feels about the target
 Behavioral: one’s predisposition to respond in a certain way towards the target
 Cognitive: one’s knowledge or beliefs about the target
Personality = complex of unique traits and characteristics of an individual

Appearance

Age: patronizing communication with the elderly
 Simplification strategies: basic vocabulary, simple, structure
 Clarification strategies: loud, slow, repetition
 Diminutives: saying “honey”, “love”, “dear”
 Demeaning emotional tone: verwaand
 Secondary baby talk: talking as if they are a baby
 Avoidance: discussing the older person in their presence with a relative indirectly
 Overly controlling: being impatient
Gender

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