Cultural Diversity – Relevance
Migration & globalization
o Increased diversity due to immigration
o Different perspectives on human development
Diversity in the Netherlands
o Necessity of specific interventions or general culturally sensitive approach?
Specific issues related to cultural diversity
o Multilingualism
o Shifting between cultures (home vs. school)
o Discrimination
13.7% has a non-western background in holland (under 20 years)
o In large cities over 50% has a migration background
o Largest groups Turkish Dutch and Moroccan Dutch
Immigration history in the Netherlands
Second half of 19th century
o Migration from Dutch colonies: Surinamese and Antillean
o Migration since 1960s as guest workers: Turkish and Moroccan
since 2000
o economic migrants: Poland, India
fluctuating waves of migration from conflict zones
o Syria, Afghanistan
Policy perspective
Until 1980s: immigration as temporary
o Policy focused on temporary accommodation
o Focused on preservation of own culture
1980s: ethnic minority policy
o Drop idea of temporariness
o Multicultural approach
o Promote participation in society
Economic difficult times unemployment
High school dropout rate high
Marginalization
1990s: civic integration policy
o Mandatory language class (but poor quality)
o High unemployment and reliance on social policy provisions
o Segregation in society and schools in particular
Pillarized school system (Islamic schools)
Beginning of 2000
o Higher employment rate
o Success of second generation
2000s: policy towards assimilation
o International events: 9/11, pim Fortuyn
, o Emergence of populist discourse
o Culturalization
Growing emphasis on Islam as cause of problem
Fear of radicalization
o Polarization due to forced assimilation
From 2011
o Shift towards labor migration
Berry’s Acculturation Model (2005)
Acculturation strategy Psychological Social cultural
personal In school
Integration + +
Segregation +/- -
Assimilation - -
marginalization -- --
Individualism vs. Collectivism
4 dimensions
o Individualism / collectivism
o Power distance
, o Uncertainty avoidance
o Masculinity / feminism
Individualistic / Western cultures
Culture of separateness
Industrial and service economy
Nuclear families, close relations, gender equality, low fertility
Emotional and material investment in children (psychological VOC)
Authoritative and permissive style (autonomous self)
Collectivistic / non-Western cultures
Culture of relatedness
Agrarian society, low education
Extended family, women have low status, high fertility
Family/group loyalty, investment in elders, utilitarian VOC
Authoritarian parenting style, obedience, dependence (relational self)
Flaws of individualism/collectivistic model
Schematic and stigmatizing
Most cultures combine both features
Model does not opture mechanism of migration
Do migrants remain collectivistic even 2nd or 3rd generation
Continuum instead of dichotomy
Developmental niche
Cultural construction of human development
3 components of system (child)
o Physical and social setting
o Culturally regulated practices and habits
o Parenteral Ethnotheories
Physical and social settings
o Relation with family, family structure
o Parental roles (father/mother)
o Educational system
o Danger in physical environment Physical/social
Habits
Habits and daily practices setting
o Sleeping arrangements
o Social traditions
Ethnotheories/parental beliefs child
o Parental beliefs
o Beliefs about milestones
o Socialization goals, cultural values
o Beliefs on effective parenting Ethnotheories
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