Development, Learning and Behavior – HC
aantekeningen
Hoorcollege 2: Prenatal development
What is development
= a specific type of change:
- qualitative when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming
different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes
- sequential the stages of development for any process of growth happen in a prescribed
sequence / order
- cumulative systems composed of multiple, interrelated parts: within these systems,
some parts change while others remain unchanged
- directional development has an ultimate goal
- multifactorial more than 1 factor changes
- individual change and development differs between individuals
Cell division
- mitosis= normal cell division
- meiosis= sex cell division
4 developmental processes:
- mitosis
- cell migration
- cell differentiation
- apoptosis= programmed cell death
Totipotent cells have total potential. They
specialize into pluripotent cells that can give rise
to most, but not all, of the tissues necessary
for fetal development. Pluripotent cells undergo
further specialization into multipotent cells that
are committed to give rise to cells that have a
particular function. For example, multipotent
blood stem cells give rise to the red cells, white
cells and platelets in the blood.
Pluripotent stem cells are cells that have the
capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of
the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic
tissues such as the placenta.
,Stimulation from the outside:
- 10 weeks: sense of pressure (muscle, skin, joints etc.)
- 13 weeks: detection of movement
- 20 weeks: detection of light
- 26 weeks: detection of sound
- 26-28 weeks: detection of smell and taste
Fetal movement:
- 5-6 weeks: bending of head and spine
- 8-9 weeks: startle movements (burping)
- 10 weeks: variety of limb movements
- 10-11 weeks: head movements, breathing movements
- 11-12 weeks: yawn, suck, swallow amniotic fluid
- 14 weeks: non-random movements
- 20 weeks: move all parts of face
- 25 weeks: opening and closing eyes
Functions of movement:
- swallowing oropharyngeal cavity, lungs, digestive system
- body movements muscle, bones, joints, skin
Teratogens
- = harmful influences from the environment on the fetus
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Drugs
- Pollutants
time, duration and amount of exposure determine the effect on development
the stage of development in combination with the teratogen can determine if it has
an effect or not
, Hoorcollege 3: Brain development
Hersenen en cellen
Hersenen bestaan uit zenuwcellen/ neuronen ontvangen en geven informatie
door
Soma= een cellichaam
- dendrieten: ontvangen de signalen
- axon/neuriet: geleiden de signalen
Neuronen communiceren via neurotransmitters
Synaps= verbinding tussen neuronen
Neuronen kunnen hun hele leven nieuwe dendrieten en synapsen ontwikkelen=
neuroplasticiteit
Gliacellen= steuncellen, helpen goed functioneren van neuron en op plek te blijven
Deel uit PSBK-samenvatting
Resting potential= the potential of a neuron that’s not sending any signals (-70 mV)
- negative charge is caused by ions that are in and outside the neuron
- outside neuron: positively charged sodium ions
- inside neuron: negatively charged proteins and some positively charged sodium +
potassium ions
there are more positive ions outside than inside the neuron inside is negatively
charged
Action potential= the potential of a neuron that is active (+40 mV)
- depolarization occurs when channels open and positive ions flow into the cell
- after depolarization, a lot of positive ions leave the neuron repolarization charge is -
90 mV refractory period: neuron goes back to resting potential
this process happens in 5 milliseconds
