Samenvatting van de hoofdstukken van Berns die geleerd moeten worden voor het tentamen. De hoofdstukken zijn uitgebreid samengevat en er zijn illustraties in verwerkt om het te verduidelijken. Geschreven in het Engels, maar aangevuld met Nederlandse uitleg.
Inhoud
Chapter 1 – Ecology of the child..................................................................................................................5
1.1 Ecology and child development.........................................................................................................6
1.2 Socialization and Child Development.................................................................................................6
1.3 Socialization as a Unique human process..........................................................................................6
1.4 Socialization as a reciprocal dynamic process....................................................................................7
1.4a Genetics.......................................................................................................................................7
1.4b Temperament..............................................................................................................................8
1.4c Maturation...................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Intentional and Unintentional Socialization.......................................................................................8
1.6 Change, Challenge, and Socialization.................................................................................................8
1.6a Change and the Concept of Childhood.........................................................................................9
1.6b Change, Adaptation, and Socialization.........................................................................................9
1.7 - Scientific theory and the bioecological model of human development: a major socialization
theory......................................................................................................................................................9
1.8 Ecological systems and socialization................................................................................................10
1.8b Mesosystems.............................................................................................................................11
1.8c Exosystems.....................................................................................................................................11
1.8d Macrosystems................................................................................................................................12
1.9 The Chronosystem: Interaction of Ecological Systems over Time....................................................13
1.9a Chronosystem Effects: The Past.................................................................................................13
1.9b Chronosystem Effects: The Present...........................................................................................13
1.9c Chronosystem effects: The Future.............................................................................................14
1.10 Examining the Well-being of children............................................................................................14
Berns H2 Ecology of Socialization..............................................................................................................15
2.1 Socialization Processes....................................................................................................................16
2.2 Aims of Socialization........................................................................................................................17
2.2a Develop a Self-Concept..............................................................................................................17
2.2b Enable Self-regulation....................................................................................................................19
2.2c Empower Achievement (Verwezenlijken Van prestaties, en hoe beslis je wat je later als
volwassenen gaat doen)........................................................................................................................20
2.3 Agents of Socialization (who was significant in shaping you?).............................................................21
2.3a Family (how did your family influence who your are?)..................................................................21
, 2.3b School and Child Care....................................................................................................................23
2.3c Peers..............................................................................................................................................24
2-3d Mass Media...................................................................................................................................24
2-3e Community....................................................................................................................................25
2.4 Affective Methods of Socialization.......................................................................................................26
2.5 Operant methods of socialization........................................................................................................27
2.5a Reinforcement...............................................................................................................................27
2.5b Extinction.......................................................................................................................................27
2.5c Punishment....................................................................................................................................28
2.5d Feedback........................................................................................................................................28
2.5e learning by doing...........................................................................................................................28
2.6 Observational Methods of Socialization..............................................................................................28
2.6a Modeling........................................................................................................................................28
2.7 Cognitive Methods of Socialization......................................................................................................29
2.7a Instruction......................................................................................................................................29
2.7b setting standards...........................................................................................................................29
2.7c Reasoning.......................................................................................................................................29
2.8 Sociocultural methods of socialization................................................................................................30
2.8b Tradition........................................................................................................................................31
2.8c Rituals and Routines.......................................................................................................................31
2-8d Symbols.........................................................................................................................................31
2.9 Apprenticeship Methods of Socialization............................................................................................31
2.10 Outcomes of Socialization..................................................................................................................32
2-10a Values (what matters to you?).....................................................................................................32
2.10b Attitudes (views on racial profiling).............................................................................................32
2.10c Motives and attributions (what efforts and activities do you engage in to be successful?).........33
2.10d Self-esteem (how do you feel about yourself?)...........................................................................33
2.10e Self-regulation/ behavior (how do you keep yourself under control?)........................................33
2.10f Morals...........................................................................................................................................33
2.10g Gender Roles................................................................................................................................33
Berns H4 - Ecology of parenting.................................................................................................................34
4.1 About parenting...............................................................................................................................34
4.2 Macrosystem influences on Parenting: Political Ideology................................................................34
, 4.3 Macrosystem influence on parenting: Socioeconomic status..........................................................34
4.4 Macrosystem influence on parenting: culture, ethnicity, and religion............................................35
4.5 Chronosystem influences on parenting...........................................................................................36
4.6 Family Dynamics and Changes over Time........................................................................................37
4.7 Parenting styles................................................................................................................................38
4.8 Microsystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parent and child......................38
4.9 Mesosystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parents and others...................41
4.10 Appropriate Parenting Practices....................................................................................................41
4.11 Inappropriate parenting practices.................................................................................................42
4.11a Child maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect......................................................................................43
10 Ecology of the community....................................................................................................................45
10.1 Community: Structure and functions.............................................................................................45
10.2 The community’s influence on Socialization..................................................................................45
10.3 The community as a learning environment...................................................................................47
10.4 The community as a support system.............................................................................................47
10.5 Macrosystem influences on community services...........................................................................47
10.6 Preventive, supportive, and rehabilitative services.......................................................................47
10.7 Creating caring communities.........................................................................................................48
10.8 Mesosystem influence: linking community services to families and schools.................................49
10.9 Community involvement: volunteerism.........................................................................................49
10.10 Community involvement: advocacy.............................................................................................50
Chapter 3 – Ecology of the family..............................................................................................................50
3.1 Family systems: basic structures......................................................................................................50
3.2 Family systems: basic functions.......................................................................................................52
3.2a Functional family changes..........................................................................................................52
3.3 Family transitions: structural/functional changes............................................................................53
3.3a Divorce.......................................................................................................................................53
3.3b Child custody arrangements......................................................................................................54
3.3c Stepfamilies................................................................................................................................54
3.3d Families of adopted children......................................................................................................55
3.3e Dual-Earner families...................................................................................................................55
3.4 Families of diverse parents..............................................................................................................55
3.4a families of unmarried parents....................................................................................................55
, 3.4b Interethnic (racial) and interfaith (religious) families................................................................55
3.4c Families of Same-sex parents.....................................................................................................55
3.5 Macrosystem influences on families and children: socioeconomic status.......................................55
3.5a Social class differences...............................................................................................................55
3.5b Social class socialization theories...............................................................................................56
3.6 Macrosystem influences on families: ethnic orientation.................................................................57
3.6a Cultural orientation and socialization differences......................................................................58
3.7 Macrosystem influences on families: religious orientation..............................................................58
3.8 Chronosystem influences on families: political................................................................................59
3.8a immigration policies...................................................................................................................59
3.8b foreign policies...........................................................................................................................59
3.8c domestic policies........................................................................................................................59
3.9 Chronosystem influences on families: economic.............................................................................59
3.10 Chronosystem influences on families: Technological.....................................................................59
3.11 Meeting the challenge of change: family empowerment..............................................................59
Chapter 5 –Ecology of nonparental child care...........................................................................................61
5.1 - Nonparental child care..................................................................................................................61
5.1a - components of optimal quality care........................................................................................61
5.2 Macrosystem influences on nonparental childcare.........................................................................62
5.3 Chronosystem influences on nonparental child care: research concerns........................................62
5.4 Nonparental child care and psychological development.................................................................62
5.5 Nonparental child care and social development..............................................................................63
5.6 Nonparental child care and cognitive development........................................................................63
5.6a Intervention programs for children who are disadvantaged......................................................63
5.7 Mesosystem influences on nonparental child care..........................................................................63
5.7a School and community involvement in nonparental child care.................................................63
5.7b Government and business involvement in nonparental child care............................................63
5.8 Nonparental child care and socialization outcomes........................................................................64
5.8a some quality nonparental child-care curriculum models and socialization outcomes...............64
The cognitively oriented curriculum (learner-directed).....................................................................64
The direct instruction curriculum.......................................................................................................65
The Montessori curriculum................................................................................................................65
The developmental interaction curriculum........................................................................................66
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