Een schematische weergave van alle belangrijke filosofen, theorieen en stromingen die in de colleges aan bod zijn gekomen. Ik heb dit samen met de collegesheets geleerd en heb zo de herkansing wel gehaald.
Part 1, History - belangrijke filosofen en theorieen.
Who Theory What
Copernicus Mechanism Heliocentric worldview (sun = centre)
Galileo Mechanism Telescope > scientific observation of stars etc.
1. Primary qualities > intrinsic , objects in itself (natural science, objective)
2. Secondary qualities > subject-dependent > someone has to perceive it. No secondary qualities without subject
(psychology science, subjective)
Difference between mental (2) and physical (1) reality requires separate domain of science psychology = about
consciousness.
Newton Mechanism Laws of nature > mathematics (F= ma)
Bacon Empiricism/ Observation is the only legitimate source of knowledge.
(1561) Positivism ‘Idols’: false ideas that could spoil your observation.
Induction is only legitimate way of science; experiment.
Knowledge is power
Which one not? :Rationally/scientific knowledge, experimental/ induction/scepticism
Descartes Mechanicist Body is mechanism as well; clockwork metaphor applies to human body.
(1596 – Dualism 1. Rationalism: knowledge from reason > mathematics, analytic, knowledge built from basic principles (axioms) to get
,1650) Interactionis to know these axioms: methodic doubt.
m 2. Mechanism: nature, body, animals are machines. (cartesianism is other word clockwork metaphor about mechanistic
worldview).
3. Dualism mind-body:
Mind/consciousness is inner space, separate from body> Cartesian theatre. But interact through pineal gland
(interactionism)
Damasio/ Descartes error: emotions are only physiological things > separate from reason (should supress them)
- Cogito, ergo sum > I think therefore I am. 1st principle of philosophy/axiom Descartes was seeking for >> Cogito starting
point for further reasoning and system building (first axiom), and secure foundation for complete system of knowledge.
- Criterion for Truth:
1. Res cogitans : het ding dat denkt
2. Res extensa: spatially extended thing (body/world).
3. God cannot deceive mathematical evidence, is perfect.
Body works as a mechanism> heart is pump etc. First one to talk about reflexes = animal spirits who move through nerve
ducts. Animal = only res extensa, not res cogitans.
- Mind-Body dualism: mind separate from body, communicating through pineal gland; consciousness makes contact with
the nervous system. Mind is immaterial self (dia page 13, c1). (interactionism)
- Cartesian Theather: mind (immaterial) is filled with ideas and those can be known by introspection (get the truth/ideas
out) > but: homunculus problem? Who coordinates this inner world/mind?
, - Scientific psychology is impossible >> quantifying is only science and > consciousness is not spatially extended, therefore
it can’t be quantified.
Not correct? Fundamental truth innate/ actual world not exist/ a priori knowledge can be trusted.
Hobbes Materialist (Like Descartes – res cogitans > mind can be explained.)
(1588-1679) Mechanicist Man and society: both a mechanism. (Mind is a product of material processes).
Determinist Mind = body > same thing, both matter.
Mind & body are one appetite and aversion is physiological, in heart and circulation >> fast = pleasant (morally right)
and obstructed = unpleasant (morally wrong). Behaviour and motivation are based on these appetites and aversions > so
even consciousness is reduced to physiological processes >> mind = body.
Materialistic framework >> laws of physics up to organism/mind/society/politics >> reductionism
Society as mechanism: social contract: every individual will optimize pleasure/pain balance > how in society? transfer
some of your rights to absolute monarch so law and order can be maintained; kind of deal/arrangement in society that
collectively optimizes everyone’s pleasure (want wetten etc worden gehandhaafd).
Psychology would be philosophy no scientific psychology.
Locke Association P - System = Experimental philosophy >> finding empirical useful knowledge to find/improve common sense.
(1632-1704) Empericism, - His basic orientations: classical liberalism: individuals are born free and equal; learning and development is important (to
Realism improve environment). Protecting freedom is most important thing >freedom itself is enough (not social contract for laws)
in society.
- Origin of knowledge > tabula rasa, knowledge is in senses (internal and external) and experience (not innate ideas).
- classifications of the contents of consciousness (dia p.7 c2)
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