All information for the midterm, the lectures and the relevant chapters of the book in one summery. Information from the lectures is not repeated in the information from the chapters and only the information for the exam is included.
Summary Medical Neuroscience and neuro-anatomy 2021 (till midterm)
Lecture 1
Hemiperisis: (verlamming) paresis partly weakness of the body
Paralysis: full loss of body/ muscle function
Stroke:
- Infarction: blockage of the blood supply
- Haemorrhage: bleeding
,3 largest arteries that supply blood to the brain:
- Anterior cerebri artery: leg more effected than the hand
- Middle cerebri artery: arm and hand more effected, the hand in most cases not
functional at all. The part in the brain that controls the leg also gets blood from the
anterior cerebri artery.
- Posterior cerebri artery
Left hemisphere stroke → most cases impaired speech.
Hearth aritmea → more change at an emboli
Oedema → causes extra pressure on the brain
Stroke in the Middle cerebri artery → damage also subcortically located
Artery lenticules striata: branch of the middle cerebri artery. Is located subcortical and goes
to the striatum
Striatum: part of the basal ganglia and is composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen
Basal ganglia: responsible for gross motor functions as bringing your hand to your mouth or
flexing your leg.
Cranial nerve: peripheral nerve, motor function in the face. Whole face would be affected
when peripheral nerve is affected, in contrast to damage in the CNS where a quarter of the
fact could be affected.
Pure hemiparesis: no sensory loss, is not possible if there is damage at the middle cerebri
artery.
Reason for spasticity → hypertonia (high muscle tone) of the antigravity muscles,
disinhibition. Global function of the pre central sulcus area is inhibition.
- Smell is the only sense not transmitted through the thalamus.
- White matter is mostly subcortically located
Music helps relax because sound goes to the brainstem first, there are all the vital functions
located.
If there is damage somewhere in the tract for sound the brain completes by adding sound
that is not there.
Septum nuclei: art of the basal forebrain
Substantia nigra: one of the sources of dopamine.
,Ventral tegmental area (VTA): in the brainstem the source of dopamine (reward system)
Lateral habenular nuclei (LHb)→ inhibits VTA → aversion
Medial habenular nucleus: leads to reward
Nucleus accumbens: gives the feeling of desire
Enteric nervous system: digestive system (can be seen as a separate nervous system).
Anatomical organization: various ways of subdividing the nervous system
- Peripheral versus central
Central nervous system (CNS)
o Brain
o Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
o Cranial nerves and ganglia
, o Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
o Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia
o Enteric nervous system
- Autonomic versus somatic
- Gray matter versus white matter
- Gray matter: cortical and subcortical areas
- White matter: fiber tracts
o Tractus : a bundle of nerve fibres
o Fascicle: small bundle of nerve fibres
o Funiculus: a bundle of one or more fascicles
o Capsula : ascending and descending fibres
o Lemniscus: bundle of secondary sensory fibers
Damage in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) → dropping hand (low muscle tone/
hypotone → flaccidity).
Specticity → walking on toes
Flaccidity → flexed foot
Diffuse accidental injury: throughout the brain damage in the transitions between grey and
white matter.
Brainstem or thalamus represst → coma
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