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Samenvatting Child, family, school, community H 1/7 + 10 (Berns)
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- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
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Child, family, school, community (Berns)Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 Ecology of the Child........................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Ontwikkeling tussen ecologie en het kind......................................................................................................6
1.2 Ontwikkeling van het kind en socialisatie......................................................................................................6
1.3 Socialisatie als een uniek, menselijk proces...................................................................................................6
1.4 Socialisatie als een wederkerig, dynamisch proces........................................................................................6
1.4.1 Genetica..................................................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Temperament.........................................................................................................................................7
1.4.3 Rijping.....................................................................................................................................................7
1.5 Bedoelde en onbedoelde socialisatie.............................................................................................................7
1.6 Veranderingen en uitdagingen voor socialisatie............................................................................................8
1.6.2 Verandering, aanpassing en socialisatie.................................................................................................9
1.7 Wat houdt het bio-ecologische model van ontwikkeling in?.........................................................................9
1.8 Ecologische systemen...................................................................................................................................10
1.8.1 Microsystemen.....................................................................................................................................10
1.8.2 Mesosystemen......................................................................................................................................11
1.8.3 Exosystemen.........................................................................................................................................11
1.8.4 Macrosystemen....................................................................................................................................11
1.9 Wat is het chronosysteem?..........................................................................................................................13
1.9.1 Effecten van het chronosysteem: het verleden...................................................................................13
1.9.2 Effecten van het chronosysteem: het heden.......................................................................................13
1.9.3 Effecten van het chronosysteem: de toekomst....................................................................................13
1.10 Belangrijk bij onderzoek naar het welzijn van kinderen............................................................................14
Chapter 2 Ecology of socialization................................................................................................................ 14
2.1 Wat zijn socialisatieprocessen?....................................................................................................................14
2.2 Wat zijn de doelen van socialisatie?............................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Ontwikkelen van zelfconcept...............................................................................................................14
2.2.2 Ontwikkelen van zelfregulatie..............................................................................................................15
2.2.3 Prestaties mogelijk maken....................................................................................................................15
2.2.4 Leren van passende sociale rollen........................................................................................................15
2.2.5 Implementeren van ontwikkelde vaardigheden..................................................................................16
2.3 Wat zijn de middelen van socialisatie?........................................................................................................16
2.3.1 Familie...................................................................................................................................................16
2.3.2 School en zorg voor kinderen...............................................................................................................17
2.3.3 Leeftijdsgenoten...................................................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Massamedia..........................................................................................................................................17
2.3.5 Gemeenschap.......................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Wat zijn affectieve manieren van socialisatie?............................................................................................18
2.5 Wat zijn operante methoden van socialisatie?............................................................................................18
2.5.1 Bekrachtiging........................................................................................................................................18
2.5.2 Extinctie................................................................................................................................................19
2.5.3 Straf.......................................................................................................................................................19
2.5.4 Feedback...............................................................................................................................................20
, 2.5.5 Leren door te doen...............................................................................................................................20
2.6 Wat zijn observationele methoden van socialisatie?...................................................................................20
2.6.1 Modelleren...........................................................................................................................................20
2.7 Wat zijn cognitieve methoden van socialisatie?..........................................................................................20
2.7.1 Instructie...............................................................................................................................................21
2.7.2 Standaarden bepalen............................................................................................................................21
2.7.3 Redeneren............................................................................................................................................21
2.8 Wat zijn sociaal-culturele methoden van socialisatie?................................................................................21
2.8.1 Groepsdruk...........................................................................................................................................21
2.8.2 Traditie..................................................................................................................................................22
2.8.3 Rituelen en routines.............................................................................................................................22
2.8.4 Symbolen..............................................................................................................................................22
2.9 Wat zijn leermethoden van socialisatie?.....................................................................................................22
2.10 Wat zijn de uitkomsten van socialisatie?...................................................................................................22
2.10.1 Waarden.............................................................................................................................................22
2.10.2 Attitudes.............................................................................................................................................23
2.10.3 Motieven en attributies......................................................................................................................24
2.10.4 Eigenwaarde.......................................................................................................................................24
2.10.5 Zelfregulatie/gedrag...........................................................................................................................24
2.10.6 Moraal.................................................................................................................................................24
2.10.7 Genderrollen.......................................................................................................................................24
Chapter 3..................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Wat zijn de structuren van familiesystemen?..............................................................................................25
3.2 Wat zijn de functies van familiesystemen?..................................................................................................25
3.2.1 Functionele veranderingen in de familie..............................................................................................25
3.3 Hoe past familie zich aan aan veranderingen in de samenleving?..............................................................26
3.3.1 Scheiding...............................................................................................................................................26
3.3.2 Voogdij afspraken.................................................................................................................................28
3.3.3 Stieffamilies..........................................................................................................................................28
3.3.4 Families met geadopteerde kinderen..................................................................................................29
3.3.5 Families met meerdere kostwinnaars..................................................................................................29
3.4 Wat zijn de uitdagingen voor families met diverse ouders?...................................................................29
3.4.2 Ouders van verschillende etniciteiten of geloven................................................................................29
3.4.3 Families met ouders van hetzelfde geslacht........................................................................................30
3.5 Invloed macrosysteem op families en kinderen – sociaaleconomische status............................................30
3.5.1 Verschillen tussen sociale klassen........................................................................................................30
3.5.2 Socialisatietheorieën van sociale klassen.............................................................................................30
3.6 Invloed macrosysteem op families: etnisch erfgoed....................................................................................31
3.6.1 Culturele oriëntatie en socialisatie verschillen.....................................................................................31
3.7 Invloed macrosysteem op families: religie...................................................................................................32
3.8 Invloed chronosysteem op families: politieke verandering..........................................................................32
3.8.1 Immigratiebeleid...................................................................................................................................32
3.8.2 Buitenlands beleid................................................................................................................................32
3.8.3 Binnenlands beleid...............................................................................................................................32
3.9 Invloed chronosysteem op families: economische veranderingen...............................................................32
3.10 Invloed chronosysteem op families: technologie.......................................................................................32
3.11 Hoe kunnen families in staat worden gesteld om te gaan met veranderingen?.......................................33
Chapter 4 Ecology of parenting.................................................................................................................... 34
, 4.1 Wat houdt ouderschap in?...........................................................................................................................34
4.2 Hoe heeft politieke ideologie invloed op ouderschap?................................................................................34
4.3 Hoe heeft sociaaleconomische status invloed op opvoeding?.....................................................................34
4.3.1 invloed van het exostysteem op ouderschap: beroep van de ouders.................................................34
4.4 Hoe hebben cultuur, etniciteit en religie invloed op opvoeding en ontwikkeling?......................................34
4.4.1 Gelijkheid in opvoeding tussen verschillende culturen, etniciteiten en religies..................................35
4.4.2 Diversiteit in opvoeding tussen verschillende culturen, etniciteiten en religies.................................35
4.5 Hoe is ouderschap veranderd over tijd?.......................................................................................................36
4.6 Hoe beïnvloeden familieleden elkaar?.........................................................................................................37
4.6.1 Kenmerken kinderen............................................................................................................................37
4.6.2 Kenmerken familie................................................................................................................................38
4.7 Opvoedstijlen................................................................................................................................................38
4.8 Invloeden van opvoedstijlen: interacties tussen ouder en kind...................................................................39
4.8.1 Hechting................................................................................................................................................39
4.8.2 Zelfregulatie en prosociaal gedrag.......................................................................................................39
4.8.3 Sociaalemotionele en cognitieve competentie....................................................................................40
4.9 invloed van opvoedstijlen: Interacties tussen ouders en anderen...............................................................40
4.10 Gepast opvoedingsgedrag van ouders.......................................................................................................41
4.10.1 Ontwikkelingsgeschiktheid.................................................................................................................41
4.11 Ongepast opvoedingsgedrag van ouders..................................................................................................41
4.11.1 Kindermishandeling: misbruik en verwaarlozing...............................................................................41
4.11.2 Oorzaken en gevolgen van kindermishandeling................................................................................42
Chapter 5 Ecology of Nonparental Child Care (Wat is de ecologische benadering van niet-ouderlijke
kinderverzorging?)....................................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 Nonparental Child Care................................................................................................................................43
5.1.1 Components of Optimal Quality Care..................................................................................................43
5.2 Macrosystem Influences on Nonparental Child Care...................................................................................43
5.3 Chronosystem Influences on Nonparental Child Care: Research Concerns..................................................44
5.4 Nonparental Child Care and Psychological Development............................................................................44
5.5 Nonparental Child Care and Social Development........................................................................................45
5.6 Nonparental Child Care and Cognitive Development..................................................................................45
5.6.1 Intervention programs for children who are disadvantaged...............................................................45
5.7 Mesosystem influences in Nonparental Child Care......................................................................................45
5.7.1 School and Community Involvement in Nonparental Child Care.........................................................45
5.7.2 Government and Business Involvement in Nonparental Child Care....................................................46
5.8 Nonparental Child Care and Socialization Outcomes..................................................................................46
5.8.1 Some quality Nonparental Child-Care Curriculum Models and Socialization Outcomes....................46
5.8.2 Nonparental Child-Care Ideologies and Socialization Practices...........................................................47
5.9 Developmentally Appropriate Caregiving....................................................................................................48
5.9.1 Collaborative Caregiving.......................................................................................................................48
5.10 Caregiving and Child Protection.................................................................................................................48
Chapter 6 Ecology of the school................................................................................................................... 49
6.1 The school’s Function as a Socializing Agent...............................................................................................49
6.2 Macrosystem Influences on Schools.............................................................................................................49
, 6.2.1 Political Ideology...................................................................................................................................49
6.2.2 Economics.............................................................................................................................................49
6.2.3 Ethnicity................................................................................................................................................49
6.2.4 Religion.................................................................................................................................................49
6.2.5 Science/Technology..............................................................................................................................49
6.3 Parental Options Regarding School.............................................................................................................50
6.3.1 Magnet Schools....................................................................................................................................50
6.3.2 School Vouchers...................................................................................................................................50
6.3.3 Charter Schools.....................................................................................................................................50
6.3.4 Home-Based Schools............................................................................................................................50
6.4 Diversity and Equity......................................................................................................................................50
6.4.1 Gender..................................................................................................................................................50
6.4.2 Ethnicity................................................................................................................................................51
6.4.3 Language...............................................................................................................................................51
6.4.4 Communication style............................................................................................................................51
6.4.5 Religion.................................................................................................................................................51
6.4.6 Disability...............................................................................................................................................51
6.5 Chronosystem Influences on Schools: Societal Change................................................................................52
6.5.1 Adaptions to Societal Change...............................................................................................................52
6.6 Chronosystem Influences on Schools: Technology.......................................................................................52
6.7 Chronosystem Influences on Schools: Health and Safety.............................................................................52
6.7.1 Health: Substance Use and Abuse........................................................................................................52
6.7.2 Health: Obesity.....................................................................................................................................53
6.7.3 Violence................................................................................................................................................53
6.7.4 Safety: Emergency Prepardness...........................................................................................................53
6.8 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-child.........................................................................................53
6.9 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-family......................................................................................54
6.9.1 Family involvement...............................................................................................................................54
6.10 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-peer group.............................................................................54
6.11 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-Media....................................................................................54
6.12 Mesosystem Influences on Schools: School-Community............................................................................54
6.12.3 Communities and School Size.............................................................................................................54
6.12.2 Communities and Class Size...............................................................................................................54
6.12.3 Community Businesses and Schools...................................................................................................55
6.12.4 Community services and Schools.......................................................................................................55
Chapter 7 Ecology of Teaching...................................................................................................................... 55
7.1 The teacher’s role as a socializing agent.....................................................................................................55
7.2 Teacher characteristics and student learning: leadership style...................................................................55
7.3 Teacher characteristics and student learning: Management style..............................................................55
7.4 Teacher characteristics and student learning: Expectations.......................................................................56
7.5 Student characteristics and teacher interaction: Gender............................................................................56
7.6 Student characteristics and teacher interaction: Ethnicity..........................................................................56
7.6.1 Equiable treatment of all groups..........................................................................................................56
7.7 Student characteristics and teacher interaction: socioeconomic status.....................................................57
7.7.1 The consequences of classism..............................................................................................................57
7.8 Student characteristics and teacher interaction: learning styles.................................................................57
7.8.1 The relationship between learning styles and Socialization................................................................57
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