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Summary Chapters 1 to 5 of Intercultural Sensitivity
This summary contains all information about the lectures of Fontys University of Applied Sciences. Chapters 1 to 5 of the book Intercultural Sensitivity. ISBN/EAN 5550
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 25 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 25 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lessons 1 till 5Lesson 1
What is culture?
A system of behaviour that helps us act in an accepted and familiar way.
Collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one group of people form another.
Culture is learned, shared and transmitted.
It consists of layers, like an onion
1. Artefacts of culture
Are the first things you notice when entering a new country.
The Netherlands: the bicycle lanes, large windows and open curtains, the tall people,
and how they dress.
A new company: company logo, company house-style, and whether or not the
employees wear ties.
2. Norms and Values
They are written and unwritten standards of correct desired behaviour.
Norm: arrive in class a few minutes early or exactly on time.
Value: stand up for an elderly person on a crowded bus. Is it right to send a card or
make a phone call to a classmate who is ill?
Values express what we think is good or right.
3. Basic Assumptions
They are abstract and invisible, we learn them very young (before we are 7) and we
are unaware of their influence.
Defining culture
Rituals
A ritual can be the way of personal hygiene (most Asians shower in the evening, Europeans
in the morning). German people e.g. like to shake hands often. Rituals are changing slowly.
Heroes
A hero can be a fictive person, but has influence on the culture. It also can be national
heroes, authors, photo-models or scientists – all people, who play a role-model in that
society.
Symbols
Nowadays most symbols appear as brands like BMW, Apple or Louis Vuitton. Those symbols
usually move according to the momentary fashion.
All three layers can be trained and learned through practices except for the core: the inner
cultural values (Geert Hofstede)
,Cultural values
For example:
- Freedom
- Independence
- Equality
- Individualism
- Competition
- Time
- Directness
- Openness
- Belonging
- Group harmony
- Collectiveness
- Quality
- Indirectness
- Family security
- Family harmony
- Age
- Patience
- Hospitality
Value system of society
Traditional society:
Religion plays an important role, large families are encouraged, conformity is rewarded and
individualism rejected. E.g. Arab countries.
Rational society:
The interests of the individual come first, birth control is encouraged and the authority of
the state is recongised. E.g. Germany.
Society where materialism is predominant:
People are not happy and rather intolerant, where equality between sexes has little chance,
where materialism is predominant. E.g. ex-communist countries.
Post-modern society:
Regarded as tolerant and democratic. E.g. Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands.
, Different ways of looking at culture
Culture and nation:
Influence of culture/nation on organizations:
- Macro level: laws, economic institutions
- Micro level: employer-employee relationship, behaviour among employees
National culture:
Elements that contribute to creation national culture:
- History of the nation
- Physical environment
Institutions that contribute to establishment of national culture
- Family, religion, education
- Mass communication media
- The multinational company as culture-building institution
Organizational culture:
Culture affects the way:
- Strategy is determined
- Goals are established
- How organization operates
- Personnel are influenced by their cultural backgrounds
- Personnel share their own values and perceptions
Corporate culture:
A combination of
- Organizational
- National/regional
- Internal factors play an important role
Professional culture:
- Operators
- Engineers
- Executives
Culture and management:
- Explains the behaviour of people in organizations around the world
- Describes/compares organizational behaviour across countries and cultures
- Seeks to understand/improve the interaction of co-workers, managers, clients,
suppliers
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