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Samenvatting The Network Society (van Dijk) Hele boek
Samenvatting van het gehele boek 'The Network Society'.
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
The Network SocietyJan van Dijk
Chapter 1 Introduction
A NEW INFRASTUCTURE FOR SOCIETY
The age of networks
Observation as start of the book: the individuals and the organizations are
nowadays all depended. At the individual level the use of networks has come to
dominate our lives. Almost every organization in the developed world has
become completely dependent on networks of telephony and computers.
Dystopian view: new media arrived in the 1980s, some people were concerned
about the pollution of our social environment by the new media penetrating our
private lives. They were reducing the face-to-face communications and were
making human relationships more formal.
Utopian view: the new media is substantially improving the quality of life and of
communication.
Syntopian view: draw conclusions based on facts and empirical investigations.
This is the main view of this book.
Values at stake
Social Equality: certain categories of people participate more than others in the
information society.
Democracy: new media enables well-informed citizens, employees and
customers to have more direct communication with, and participation in,
institutions of decision-making should strengthen democracy.
Freedom: the freedom of choice for consumers will increase because of the
interactivity offered by this technology.
Safety: can be improved by all kinds of registration and alarm systems. But at
the same time, it seems to decrease because we have become dependent on yet
another type of technology.
Quantity and quality of social relationships: Our social relationships might
decrease because particular people may withdraw into computer and telephone
communication and only interact in safe, self-chosen social environments.
Richness of the human mind: may increase owing to the diversity of
impressions we gather through these new media. But it may also reduce because
these impressions are offered out of context. And because it is available in huge
amounts, information can never be fully processed.
A SECOND COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
What is a communications revolution?
,First and second communications revolutions of the modern age: media
development in the last two centuries has been more like two concentrations of
innovations:
First: roughly in the last decades of the 19th century and the early decades
of the 20th century
Second: observed in the last decade(s) of the 20 th century and the first
decades of the 21st
Structural changes or qualitative technical improvements in mediated
communications must take place in order for something to be called a revolution
in communications.
A structural communications revolution
In structural revolutions, fundamental changes take place in the coordinates of
space and time. Media can be a form of communication fixed in space or they
may allow communications between different places. Furthermore they can fix
the moment of communication to a certain time or enable us to bridge time.
A technical communications revolution
In a technical communications revolution, a fundamental change takes place in
the structure of connections, artificial memories and/or the reproduction of their
contents. For example, the development of the printing press was a revolution in
the reproduction of writing.
Digital revolution: the introduction of digital artificial memories and
digital transmission and
reproduction.
Answer on the key question: the essence of the current revolution can be
summarized in the structural terms of integration and interactivity and tin the
technical terms of digital code and hypertext as the defining characteristics of
the new media. Those are four characteristics of the new media.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW MEDIA
Integration or convergence
This is the most important characteristic, the integration of telecommunications,
data communications and mass communications in a single medium. It is the
process of convergence. Integration can take place at one or more of the
following levels:
Infrastructure: combining different types of connections
Transportation: connections carrying different types of media
Management: companies managing different kinds of media
Services: media offering a combination of information, communication,
transaction and
entertainment services
Types of data: multimedia containing sound, text, images and data
The integration process is enabled by two revolutionary techniques:
1- Full digitalization of all media (the general use of digital code)
2- Broadband transmission through all connections by cable and by air
, Interactivity
This is a sequence of action and reaction. There are also different levels of
interactivity:
Space dimension: the possibility of establishing two-sided or multilateral
communication.
Time dimension: the degree of synchronicity and equally long turns.
Behavioural dimension: the extent of control exercised by the
interacting parties. So equal
control in action and reaction.
Mental dimension: highest level of interactivity, acting and reacting with
an understanding of
meanings and contexts by all interactors involved. This is necessary for full
interactivity.
Digital code and hypertext
Digital code: uniform code of bits and bytes for all types of data in digital media.
Hypertext: uniform code for linking different chunks of all types of data in digital
media.
Information traffic patterns
There are four information traffic patterns of allocution, consultation, registration
and conversation. They illuminate the structures of communication and the
aspects of power these structures contain.
Allocution: toespraak, is the most important in communication media. It is the
simultaneous distribution of information to an audience of local units by a centre
that serves as the source and decision agency in respect of its subject matter,
time and speed.
Consultation: raadpleging, is enhanced by the new media. It is the selection of
information by local units, which decide upon the subject matter, time and speed,
at a centre which remains its source.
Registration: they also grow in the new media. It is the collection of information
by a centre that determines the subject matter, time and speed of information
sent by a number of local units, who are the sources of the information and who
sometimes take the initiative for this collection themselves. All these figures are
on page 13 in the book.
Conversation: here the most fundamental change takes place. It is an exchange
of information by two or more local units, addressing a shared medium instead of
a centre, and determining the subject matter, time and speed of information and
communication themselves.
COMMUNICATION CAPACITIES OF THE NEW MEDIA
Approaches to mediated communication
In the research on the opportunities and limitations of mediated communication
as compared with face-to-face communication, there are two approaches:
Objective characteristics: of media and channels as a point of departure
(inter)subjective characteristics: of the use of them, mainly as a
reaction to the objective
The integrated approach (objective and subjective) is handled in this book.
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