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Summary Adolescent Development Exam 3
This is written for the course Adolescence Development. It is about all the chapters of the book ' Adolescence' which you need to know for Exam 3
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ADOLESCENCE DEVELOPMENT EXAM 3CHAPTER 10 – INTIMACY
INTIMACY AS AN ADOLESCENT ISSUE
Why is the development of intimacy especially important during adolescence?
• Relationships characterized by openness, honesty, self-disclosure, and trust.
• Changing nature of the adolescent’s social world – the increasing importance of peers in general, and
during middle and late adolescence, increasing importance of other-sex peers in particular.
Puberty and the Development of Intimacy
Changes in sexual impulses at puberty provoke interest in sex, which leads to the development of romantic
relationships.
Cognitive Changes and the Development of Intimacy
Advanced thinking – realm of social cognition – are also related to the development of intimacy. Adolescents
have more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships, better communication skills and more self-
awareness. These developments permit adolescents to establish and maintain relationships with greater
empathy, self-disclosure, and sensitivity; they also contribute to adolescents’ feelings of loneliness.
Changes in Social Roles and the Development of Intimacy
The behavioral independence that often accompanies the transition into adolescence provides greater
opportunities for adolescents to be alone with their friends, engaged in intimate discussion, in person or
online. The recognition of adolescents as ‘near adults’ may prompt their parents and other adults to confide in
them and turn to them for support. Changes in the structure of schools during early adolescence - often giving
younger teenagers more contact with older ones – may promote new types of peer relationships.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ADOLESCENT INTIMACY
Sullivan’s Theory of Interpersonal Development
He emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best
understood by looking at our relationship with others. The challenges of adolescence revolve around trying to
satisfy changing interpersonal needs
Different interpersonal needs surface that leads either to feelings of security (needs satisfied) or feelings of
anxiety (needs frustrated). These changing interpersonal needs define the course of interpersonal
development through different phases of the life span.
The security that is derived from having satisfying relationships with others is the glue that holds one’s sense of
self together. Frustrations and satisfactions during earlier periods affect their later relationships and
developing sense of identity.
When important interpersonal transitions arise, having a solid foundation of security in past relationships aids
in the successful negotiation of the transition.
,Interpersonal Development During Adolescence
Sullivan suggested that the need for intimacy precedes the development of romantic or sexual relationships,
which do not emerge until adolescence. The capacity for intimacy first develops prior to adolescence and in the
context of same-sex relationships. Forming intimate friendships during preadolescence is a necessary
precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent of young adult. Early adolescence is marked by the
emergence of sexuality. The preferred ‘target’ of the adolescent’s need for intimacy changes. It shifts from
same-sex to the other-sex peers.
The movement from nonromantic to romantic relationships can be fraught with anxiety. The overarching
challenge of adolescence is to integrate an established need for intimacy with an emerging need for sexual
contact in a way that does not lead to excessive anxiety. Some may develop close platonic relationships
(nonsexual) with other-sex peers. If the interpersonal task of adolescence has been negotiated successfully, we
enter late adolescence able to be intimate, able to enjoy sex, able to experience intimacy and sexuality in the
same relationship.
Attachment Theory
Attachment- defined as a strong and enduring emotional bond.
• Secure attachment= a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust
• Anxious-avoidant attachment= an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized
by indifference on the par of the infant toward the caregiver.
• Anxious-resistant attachment= an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver characterized
by distress at separation and ager at reunion.
• Disorganized attachment= relationship between infant and caregiver characterized by the absence of
normal attachment behavior; most at risk for psychological problems.
Internal working model is an implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs
throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences. It is a set of beliefs and expectations
people draw on in forming close relationships with others – whether they go into relationships expecting
acceptance or anticipating rejection.
Individuals who enjoyed a secure attachment relationship during infancy will have a more positive and healthy
internal working model or relationships during adolescence.
Individuals who emerge from infancy with an insecure attachment are more sensitive to being rejected by
others in later romantic encounters, a trait called rejection sensitivity.
A second reason for the continued importance of early attachment relationships is that interpersonal
development is cumulative: what happens during infancy affects what happens in early childhood, what affects
what happens in middle childhood, and so on.
Adolescents’ current relationships with parents and peers are assessed; they are asked to recount their
childhood experiences through the use of a procedure called the adult attachment interview. It focuses on
, individuals’ recollections of their early attachment experiences and obtains information on the ways in which
the individual recounts his or her childhood history.
Secure adolescents interact with their mother with less unhealthy anger and more appropriate assertiveness,
suggesting fewer difficulties in establishing emotional autonomy. Individuals with dismissive or preoccupied
attachment profiles are more likely to show a range om emotional and behavior problems in adolescence
(depression, maladaptive coping, anxiety, delinquency). People’s security of attachment in infancy predicts
social competence in childhood, security of attachment to close friends in adolescence, and positive romantic
relationships in adulthood. Individuals with secure attachments are more socially competent, more successful
in school, less likely to engage in substance use and better adjusted that their insecure peers. Adolescents’
attachment to their mother is typically more secure and more important.
Early attachment security is not an ‘inoculation’ that protects individuals from psychological problems forever,
but rather a psychological advantage that increases the probability of developing in healthy ways.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTIMACY IN ADOLESCENCE
Changes in the Nature of Friendship
In childhood, friendship is defined by companionship; it is not until adolescence that intimacy is a part of the
definition. During mid-adolescence (particularly girls) concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection
become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure. The sorts
of conflicts adolescents have with their friends change during this time. Girls are more jealous during early
adolescence. Girls’ friendships on average do not last as long as boys’ do. Girls may start to feel more nervous
about their relationship with friends because they are beginning to make the transition into other-sex
relationships. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are less frequent than they are
between adolescents and less intimate peers, arguments with close friends are more emotional with lots of
anger and hurt feelings.
Changes in the Display of Intimacy
Teenagers are also more likely to display intimacy in their relationships, in what they know about their friends,
how responsive they are, how empathic they are, and how they resolve disagreements.
Adolescents know significantly more things about their friends that are intimate, such as what they worry
about or are proud of. Adolescents repots of friendship quality increase steadily. These improvements in
friendship quality leads to gains in social competence and increases in positive affect, which in turn lead to
further improvements in the quality of adolescents’ friendship, creating what has been called an ‘upward
spiral’.
Asian American adolescents report more dissatisfaction with their friendships than do other adolescents.
People also become more responsive to close friends, less controlling, and more tolerant of their friends’
individuality during adolescence. The behaviors and emotional states of pairs of friends are more frequently
synchronized than those of acquaintances. Adolescents show greater levels of empathy and social
understanding in situation in which they are healing or comforting others. Attempts to help friends with
personal problems become more centered on providing support and less aimed at distracting them from their
troubles.
Adolescents become more likely to end their disagreements by negotiation or disengagement and less likely to
end them with one person coercing or overpowering the other and getting his or her way. Negotiation is more
common between romantic partners than friends and more common between close friends.
Have Social Media Hurt the Development of Intimacy?
Teenagers use digital devices to stay in touch with their friends. Digital communication enhances the quality of
adolescents’ friendships. Social media provide opportunities to engage in many of the same activities that
adolescents do in person, without compromising these relationships. Digital communication serves an
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