College aantekeningen
Visual Language notes
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
Notes from all the powerpoints seen in the Visual Language course including pictures of examples and simplified explanations.
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Visual LanguageComics do not fall within the normal scope of inquiry for contemporary linguistics and
psychology—not because they are an inappropriate topic, but because language is a human
behavior while comics are not.
Comics are social objects created by incorporating the results of two human behaviors: writing
and drawing.
Comics are written in visual language, whilst things like magazines are written in English.
What is visual language?
The idea of a visual language contributes toward filling a gap in the cultural category regarding
the channel of graphic expression.
It is important to stress that this notion of “language” is not merely a metaphor or analogy. The
notion of a “visual language” is here meant to be on par with verbal and signed languages as a
primary human ability for the expression of concepts using a grammatical system.
Three primary components underlie the structure (and definition) of languages, motivated by
their underlying cognitive architecture:
1. Modality: Languages are produced in a modality, meaning that they are done by sounds
of the mouth, movement of the body or marking a surface (writing). These are then
decoded by the mouth and/or eyes.
2. Meaning: languages use modalities to express meanings. These meanings may be
abstract or concrete.
3. Grammar: Languages use a system of rules and constraints for sequential expressions
of meaning. If sequences obey these principles, we consider them to be comprehended
acceptably (i.e. grammatically), while those that violate these principles read
unacceptably (i.e. ungrammatically).
February 3rd, 2022
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- Swiss linguist
- Began a “structuralist”approach to language analysis.
He would identify the use of language and how it appeared and how it came to be put together.
Language comes from cultural context. The way to find this is by comparing things that are
consistent across different words.
SYNTAGMATIC >> and Paradigmatic (vertically)
Noam Chomsky (1928-)
- American linguist
- Shifted focus from language structure to language as a manifestation of cognition.
He was a major voice in the cognitive revolution during the 60s. For him both language and
parole are EXTERNAL language. They arise out of shared patterns. For example, my
knowledge of English is the same as someone else’s knowledge of English.
He distinguishes that from an INTERNAL language. This cognitive tool comes from within your
brain, which allows you to have this variety of patterns. These are purely cognitive phenomena.
,The way you access the internal principles of language isn’t simply by noticing patterns but by
violating those patterns. You tweak a principle within your cognition.
Language, at its root, are principles of cognition. Everyone has a unique form of it.
Sociocultural context Cognitive capacity
Comics American visual language
Novels English
Manga Japanese visual language
Japanese
You make associations between distinct visual languages. There could be abstract cognitive
principles. Different modalities and culturally specific.
What is language?
There is three modalities of conceptual expression:
- Verbal-auditory
- Visual-bodily
- Visual-graphic
Ray Jackendoff (1945-)
- Americanlinguist, student of Noam Chomsky
- Greater integrated linguistic structure and cognition
- Also: helped found the field of musical cognition
“The parallel architecture”
Modality<>Grammar<> Meaning
Gestures
- Range of conventionality from gesticulations to emblems
- When co-occurring with speech, appear about once per spoken clause.
Single images
- Complex images (paintings, drawings)
- Iconography, emojis
- They don’t have a complex sequence.
Music
- uses hierarchical structure at several levels including metrical grouping, pitch, hierarchy
- Music is in an auditory modality that has a grammar but largely doesn’t have meaning on
its own. It does have emotional resonance.
Dance
- also uses combinations of movements that are constrained by certain rules
- Likely tied also to the musical grammar
- Don’t express meanings (but some do and get closer to pantomime and sign language)
Abstract art
- Play with the modality itself (graphics)
,
, Chapter 2: Semiotics and Writing systems reading
In language, morphology is the study of units of meaning manifested in a modality. Morphemes
are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
Words may be morphemes that stand alone. Examples: dog, afraid, and happy. Other
morphemes like the affixes -s, un-, and -ness, cannot standalone and must be attached to other
morphemes to express meaning as in the multimorphemic words dogs, unafraid,and happiness.
Linguists have identified that the lexicon of languages consists of two broad classes:
1. Open-class items: These are easy to add and the signs can often be manipulated.
Nouns and verbs contain open-class lexical items, evident since we frequently add new
words to the lexicon. This also includes drawing, or things we can easily create new
forms of.
2. Closed-class items
Open-class items
The idea of drawing is simply a reflection of perception (either by the eye or the mind).
Schematic representations are particularly apparent in drawings by authors of comics. These
drawings are usually a big combination of different schemas.
In language, speech-sounds are governed by the rules of phonetics and phonology that ensure
speakers do not produce “illegal” sound combinations.
Similar to phonology, graphic images are also governed by “photological” rules. Just like words,
there are “illegal” images from contextually using inappropriate line junctions. These line
junctions are purely graphic aspects of understanding drawings- they do not intrinsically rely on
any aspects of meaning.
It is important to remember that, while completed drawings end up—and are
comprehended—as static, unchanging spatial representations, they are produced across a span
of time.
Production scripts specify the order that schemas are drawn and combined together. The
step-by- step instructions in most “how-to-draw” books explicitly spell out the production scripts.
The perceptual viewpoint of drawing leads people to believe that they should be able to draw
their conception of objects. Nevertheless, the “lexicon” of graphic schemas requires schematic
patterns for creating representations. Despite believing in a direct link between articulation and
conceptualization, drawers must use graphic schemas to represent their intended meanings.
Closed-class lexical items
These items include things like bubbles, speech balloons, motion lines, and the stars that
appear above someone’s head when they are dizzy.
Some visual language signs connect as a whole to other signs. These bound morphemes
cannot stand alone and have the same meaning.
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