Samenvatting

Samenvatting Political Parties, Origins, Transformations And Future Prospects

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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)

Lecture notes and an overview of all important concepts mentioned in the course

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Geupload op 17 oktober 2022
Aantal pagina's 51
Geschreven in 2019/2020
Type Samenvatting

populism
demoticism
extremism
radicalism
radical right
radical left
social democracy
ideology
socialism
communism
third way
post war compromise
welfare state
christian democracy
conservatism
neo conse

Hoorcollege 11-11-19 Populism and radical politics
The causes of populism

 They are present and need to be triggered
 More critical of authority
 We talk more about populism: supply side
 Democracy is the only game in town
 Complexity: our societies and democracy has become more complex and rule based
 Mainstream parties have weaker stories: populism as an answer; as a coping mechanism

Influence of populism

 We need to make a distinction between populism and populist actors
 Have mainstream parties become more populist?
o Research says not
 Does this mean that it has not had an influence?
o Could effect it in different ways; demoticism perhaps
o Could effect how parties try to reach their voters
 Should be embedded in larger discussion of democratic innovation
 It may be the attaching ideology that is more important
 They may mobilize new voters and new issues
 Relates to the larger question of populism and democracy

Concluding thoughts

 Populism is something very specific
o Has been around for a while, but is less present than is often believed
 Populism is important but for different reasons than are often claimed
o Not the most important reason why voters vote for the parties
o But it unites different parties
 Populism says something about how party politics is changing
 Populism cannot stand on its own (for the most part)
 But is populism enough?

Radical politics

 Radical and extreme
o The distinction between radical and extreme, the link between radical and extreme
 What does it mean to be radical? What does it mean to be extreme?
 Extreme: on the ends of the spectrum, spatially; anti-system is implied
 Radical: a subset of extreme, challenging/wanting to change the system but
not wanting to overthrow the system
o Historical insights on the evolution of the radical right and the radical left
o Differences between the populist radical right and the populist radical left
o Reasons for their rise
o Who supports them?
 The origins of the radical right in the post war era
o Waves of radical politics
 First wave (interwar) – will not discuss

, Second wave post WWII to 1970s
 Who were radical?
o Communist parties (Italy, France, Spain)
 Euro-communism
 Communism in a liberal democracy
 Communism and the new left
o Neo-Fascist parties
 Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI)
 Germany (Empire Party; Social Union)
 The Netherlands (center Democrats, Center Party
’86)
o Were they successful?
 Italian and the French communist parties
 Germany and The Netherlands less so
 MSI more so
o What did they want?
 The 1970s and the 1980s: things begin to change
 New parties
o Norwegian Progress Party
o The Danish Progress Party
 From extreme to radical
o The French National Front
 Regional parties
o The Northern League
o The Flemish Block
 From old to new
o The Swiss People’s Party
o The Austrian People’s Party
 Third wave 1980s to now
 Why? What did they want? Who supported them?
o It began in Scandinavia
 Danish Progress Party (1973)
 Founded by Mogens Glistrup
 Danes should pay less taxes
 Norwegian Progress Party (1973)
 Also demanding less taxes
 Both parties not associated with the radical or
extreme right
 Both parties opposed to the growth of the welfare
state
 Moderate non-aligned, lower middle class voters
o Also transformation of more extreme movements
 1972 French National Front formed
 Jean-Marie Le Pen leader (associated but not
tainted too much)
 Ideology: nationalist; anti-communist; strong
state; traditional values; anti-immigration

,  Support was low
 Lower middle class, men, lower educated
o Transformation of a regionalist movement
 Lega Nord
 1980s series of small protest leagues formed
in Northern Italy; Veneto; Lombardy
 Regional identity, anti-Rome, anti-South
 1991 became the Northern League
 Early 1990s largest party in the North
 Populism, regionalism, anti-South, anti-
immigrant (moderately)
 Lower trust, non-aligned, small and medium
sized businesses
 Vlaams Belang
 Vlaams Blok/Vlaams Belang
 1979 splinter group from the Flemish
nationalist movement
 Flemish nationalism/extremism
 Added: populism; anti-immigration
 2004 Vlaams Blok
o Old parties that become radicalized
 Austrian Freedom Party
 Post war period mix of nationalists, Nazis,
liberals
 Joerg Haider takes over in 1986
 Charismatic leader
 Opposition to mainstream parties
 Growing anti-immigrant
 Free market
 Lower trust, lower middle class, non-aligned
 Swiss People’s Party
 1990 Christoph Blocker takes over the Zurich
wing of the Swiss People’s Party
 Zurich wing increasingly important in the
party
 1990s becomes one of the largest Swiss
parties
 Anti-immigrant, anti-EU, populist anti-
government themes
 Lower trust, lower middle class, non-aligned
 Summing the Third Wave (beginning up)
 Until the 1990s
o Ideology: what did they want?
 Strongly anti-establishment
 Market liberal
 Increasingly anti-immigrant (but often less
important)
 Not necessarily anti-EU

, o Who supported them?
 Lower middle class
 Some working class
 Lower educated
 Lower levels of trust
 Less aligned voters
o Radical, Extreme and Populist
 Two ways to assess:
 Versus system
 And ideological dimension
 They were radical and not extreme
 Where they populist?
 Slowly began to use populism
 Many were more anti-establishment
 The Next Wave: late 1990s to now
 A convergence towards a party family
 What do they want?
 Who supports them?
 Why do they come about?
 Who are these parties?
 They are populist:
o People centered
o Anti elite
o Manichean (agonistic)
o Direct will of the people
 Thin centered ideology
o Radical Right ideology
 Nationalist/exclusion
 Nativist
 Authoritarian
 Strong law and order
 Economic: welfare chauvinist; market economy; anti
globalization (less salient)
 Who supports them?
o Younger
o Sometimes very much older
o Less educated, but not un-educated
o Working class and lower middle class
o More men than women
o Those who are not unionized, less religious and often less
embedded in classical institutions
o Attitudes
 Oppose immigration; lower levels of trust; crime and
law and order; EU; support some form of more
direct democracy
 Also those who score higher on the populism scale
 Why the radical right?

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