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TUSSENTOETS en EINDTOETS: College Aantekeningen en Boek Samenvattingen - Hersenen En Gedrag () - Custom Brain and Behaviour + MindTap, ISBN: 9781473769762€8,36
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TUSSENTOETS en EINDTOETS: College Aantekeningen en Boek Samenvattingen - Hersenen En Gedrag () - Custom Brain and Behaviour + MindTap, ISBN: 9781473769762
Dit document bevat alle inhoud van alle slides van alle hoorcolleges, alle aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges, en samenvattingen van hoofdstuk 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, en 16.
Hersenen en Gedrag
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 7
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 7
How did the science of psychology begin? ................................................................................... 10
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 16
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 19
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 21
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 23
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 24
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 26
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 26
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 35
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 37
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 37
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 47
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 54
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 66
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 70
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 93
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 93
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 93
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 97
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 98
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 98
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 98
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 99
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 108
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 112
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,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 115
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 115
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 115
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 115
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 116
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 117
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 118
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 120
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 123
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 147
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 147
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 147
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 150
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 151
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 152
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 154
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 155
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 160
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 160
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 162
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 162
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 164
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 165
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 165
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 165
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 166
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 167
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 168
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 168
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 169
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 170
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 172
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 174
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 176
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 187
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 208
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,Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 210
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 214
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 223
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 223
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 223
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 224
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 227
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 228
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 229
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 229
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 233
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 233
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 235
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 235
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 236
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 238
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 240
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 240
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 240
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 243
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 244
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 244
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 245
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 250
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 251
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 253
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 253
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 255
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 255
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 256
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 258
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 260
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 261
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 268
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 269
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,Hoofdstuk 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 283
Module 11.1 – what is emotion? .................................................................................................... 283
Emotions and autonomic arousal ............................................................................................... 283
Do people have a few basic emotions? ...................................................................................... 285
The functions of emotion............................................................................................................ 286
Module 11.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 287
Module 11.2 – attack and escape behaviours ................................................................................ 287
Attack behaviours ....................................................................................................................... 287
Fear and anxiety .......................................................................................................................... 289
Anxiety disorders ........................................................................................................................ 293
Relief from anxiety ...................................................................................................................... 294
Module 11.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 294
Hoofdstuk 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 296
Module 13.3 – making decisions and social neuroscience ............................................................. 296
Perceptual decisions ................................................................................................................... 296
Decisions based on values .......................................................................................................... 296
The biology of love ...................................................................................................................... 297
Empathy and altruism ................................................................................................................. 297
Module 13.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 298
Hoofdstuk 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 299
Module 8.1 – rhythms of waking and sleeping ............................................................................... 299
Endogenous rhythms .................................................................................................................. 299
Setting and resetting the biological clock ................................................................................... 300
Mechanisms of the biological clock ............................................................................................ 301
Module 8.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 303
Module 8.2 – stages of sleep and brain mechanisms ..................................................................... 304
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness......................................................................... 304
The stages of sleep ...................................................................................................................... 304
Paradoxical or REM sleep............................................................................................................ 306
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal, and sleep............................................................... 306
Brain activity in REM sleep.......................................................................................................... 308
Sleep disorders ............................................................................................................................ 309
Module 8.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 311
Voorschouw fantoom ......................................................................................................................... 313
Voorschouw slaap ............................................................................................................................... 318
Hoorcollege – 10-10-2022................................................................................................................... 333
4
,Werkgroep – 10-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 348
Hoofdstuk 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 351
Module 10.1 – sex and hormones .................................................................................................. 351
Organizing effects of sex hormones ........................................................................................... 352
Activating effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................. 355
Parental behaviour...................................................................................................................... 357
Module 10.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 358
Module 10.2 – variations in sexual behaviour ................................................................................ 359
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behaviour ..................................................................... 359
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviours ............................................................. 360
Sexual orientation ....................................................................................................................... 361
Module 10.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 364
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022................................................................................................................... 366
Naschouw hormonen.......................................................................................................................... 381
Voorschouw depressie ........................................................................................................................ 388
Hoorcollege – 17-10-2022................................................................................................................... 393
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 420
Module 14.2 – mood disorders....................................................................................................... 420
Major depressive disorder .......................................................................................................... 420
Antidepressant drugs .................................................................................................................. 421
Bipolar disorder........................................................................................................................... 425
Module 14.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 426
Module 14.3 – schizophrenia .......................................................................................................... 427
Diagnosis ..................................................................................................................................... 427
Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 428
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis ......................................................................................... 430
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 431
Module 14.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 434
The troubled mind – psychological disorders ................................................................................. 435
What does it mean to have a psychological disorder ................................................................. 436
How are psychological disorders diagnosed? ............................................................................. 437
What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders? ............................................. 438
Which disorders emerge in childhood? ...................................................................................... 438
Summary 14.1 – neurodevelopmental disorders ....................................................................... 442
What is an anxiety disorder? ...................................................................................................... 442
OCD and related disorders .......................................................................................................... 446
5
, What are dissociative disorders? ................................................................................................ 447
What are somatic symptom disorder and related disorders? .................................................... 447
What are personality disorders?................................................................................................. 447
Psychology as a hub of science – the dark side of leadership .................................................... 448
Interpersonal relationships – the clinical perspective ................................................................ 449
Psychology takes on real-word problems – is cyberbullying related to psychological disorders?
.................................................................................................................................................... 449
Summary 14.3 – anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ................................................................... 449
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 450
Hoorcollege – 18-10-2022................................................................................................................... 452
Hoofdstuk 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 476
The healthy mind – stress and coping, health psychology, and positive psychology ..................... 476
What is stress? ............................................................................................................................ 476
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ............................................................ 479
Stress and the amygdala ............................................................................................................. 479
How does stress affect our health? ............................................................................................ 482
Summary 16.1 – stages in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome...................................... 484
What is the relationship between psychology and health? ....................................................... 484
Summary 16.2 – five domains of health behaviour .................................................................... 490
Voorschouw stress .............................................................................................................................. 492
Hoorcollege – 24-20-2022................................................................................................................... 497
Werkgroep – 24-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 515
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