Dit document bevat alle inhoud van alle slides en aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges voor het deeltentamen en samenvattingen van hoofdstuk 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, en 10.
Hersenen en Gedrag
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 5
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 5
How did the science of psychology begin? ..................................................................................... 8
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 14
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 17
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 19
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 21
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 22
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 24
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 33
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 35
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 35
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 45
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 45
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 52
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 64
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 68
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 73
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 91
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 91
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 91
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 95
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 96
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 96
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 96
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 97
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 106
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 110
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,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 113
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 113
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 113
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 113
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 114
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 115
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 116
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 118
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 121
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 145
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 145
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 145
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 148
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 149
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 150
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 152
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 153
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 158
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 158
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 160
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 160
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 162
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 163
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 163
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 163
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 164
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 165
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 166
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 166
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 167
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 168
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 170
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 172
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 174
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 185
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 206
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, Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 208
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 212
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 221
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 221
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 221
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 222
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 225
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 226
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 227
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 227
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 231
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 231
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 233
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 233
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 234
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 236
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 238
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 238
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 238
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 241
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 242
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 242
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 243
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 248
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 249
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 251
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 251
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 252
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 253
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 253
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 256
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 258
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 259
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 266
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 267
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