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Samenvatting Research in Biomedical sciences (AB_1142)

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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Summary of lecture notes of research in biomedical sciences, 1st year course biomedical sciences (biomedische wetenschappen). Summary includes the basics of different parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques, hypothesis testing and research methods.

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Geupload op 19 februari 2023
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Type Samenvatting

statistical tests
t test
z test
binomial test
non parametric test
research methods
research
rbms
excel
significance testing
hypotheses
research in biomedical sciences

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Lecture 1 IBMS recap
4th ed.: Ch1, 2, 5-10

Methodology
Variable = observable/hypothetical events that can change and whose changes can be measured.

 Independent variable = manipulated variable controlled by experimenter  predictor
 Dependent variable = observed effect  outcome.
 Extraneous variable = not of interest to researcher but might influence variables of interest.
If this is not controlled  confounding variable

Different levels of measurement:

 Nominal = category without logical order, if 2 categories = dichotomous  categorical
 Ordinal = categories with specific rank (score 1-100)  categorical
 Discrete = counts with finite values 1, 2, 3 etc.  quantitative
 Continuous = scale variables with infinite values  quantitative

Research designs can be dependent = one group exposed to both environments. Independent = one
group in one environment, other group in other environment.
Observational:
 Cross-sectional = measurement at one time
 Case control = one measurement now and one in the past
 Cohort = report information over time
Experimental:
 Randomized control design = two different groups used
 Cross-over design = same participants in control and treatment

Descripting statistics
Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion/variability: range,
variance, SD etc.

 Mean = average value, mostly used with quantitative data, sensitive to outliers and exact
distances
 Median = value at median location, if even number of data taking the mean of the 2
medians, ordinal data and unaffected by outliers
 Mode = most frequently occurring value in data set, can be 2 modes, nominal data and
unaffected by outliers

Dispersion and variability:

 Range = difference between highest and lowest score, sensitive to outliers and
unrepresentative of features between extremes
 Interquartile range = distance between Q3 and Q1, most useful for ordinal data and
unaffected by outliers
 Variance = estimate of average amount by which the scores in the sample deviate from
mean score
 Standard deviation = estimate of average amount by which scores in samples deviate from
mean score, most sensitive measure for quantitative data

, Inferential statistics
Statistical tests are based on probability distributions and measures of uncertainty. ¬ = ‘not’, ∩ =
‘and’, | means ‘given the information that’ A conditional probability.

 Complement rule  Pr(¬event) = 1 – Pr(event)
 Multiplicationn for independent events  Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) x Pr(B)
 General multiplication rule  Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) x Pr(B|A)
o Pr(B|A) = Pr(A ∩ B) Pr(A)

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