Beknopte samenvatting van alle nodige literatuur van het vak migrants and integration van interdisciplinaire sociale wetenschap. alle literatuur benodigd voor de lectures en seminars. geschreven in het Engels
Migrants and Integration
Preparation lecture 1
Hooghe(2008) Migration to European countries: structural explanation of
patterns
Problem - A lot of migration to Western Europe
- Despite legal obstacles
- You would think some countries would attract the most
migrants because of the conditions, but it’s not the
case
- Push factors well researched, but what are the pull
factors?
Question
- Why settle in particular country (EU in this case)
- Reach better understanding of validity of theoretical
approaches with huge data of 21 EU countries and
long-term (25-year period) migration flow models
Theory - People migrate for various reasons:
1. Family reunification
2. Employment/work/labour migrants
3. Political asylum seekers
- Economic reasons are main push factor
- Three approaches explaining pull factors:
1. Economic and labour theories: shortage in labour
market, so migrate to country with work
2. Cultural and world system theory: migration
patterns reflect centre-periphery relations in world
system
3. Social capital or social network approach: migrants
attracted by community of same ethnic group in
destination country
Castles & Miller
- Push-pull framework
- Liberal economic theories
- Migration caused by supply-demand (macro) and
individual cost-benefit analyses (micro) equilibrium
on labour market
- Critique: too narrow and economically focused
World systems theory
- Migrant flows triggered when capitalist economic
relations enter non- or pre-capitalist societies
- Education system can attract colonial subjects to
colonizer
- Structural unbalancing causes migration: can be
brought by mass communication (Western lifestyle)
- There are more migration-facilitating networks,
reducing cost and risk
,Hypotheses Economic theory
- Migrants go where there is shortage of labourers with
certain skills
- Balance supply and demand by migrating
World system theory paradigm
- Move from peripheral to central countries
- Migration likely between colonies and colonist country,
bcs cultural, linguistic, administrative, investment,
transportation links
- Transnational markets and cultural systems
- Cultural hegemony: domination or rule maintained
through ideological or cultural means why colonies
have language and culture of colonist country
Social networks explanation
- Chain migration: established communities attract their
own ethnic group
- The bigger the community, the higher the migration
flow
Results Economic hypotheses
- Attractiveness of country based on unemployment
rate, economic growth, GDP per capita, total social
expenditure
- Higher inhabitants attract more immigrants
- GDP per capita, social expenditure, economic growth
not significantly related to influx of migrants
- Migration is powerful and efficient mechanism to
restore imbalance on labour market
World system approach: colonial past
- Distance from country to equator doesn’t influence
inflow of migrants
- Colonial past related to migration fluxes
- The more inhabitants, the more immigration
- Higher immigration rates from commonwealth
countries (former colonies)
World system hypotheses: language
- Correlation between language and language of
immigration country strong
- Colonial past way stronger, so language not that
important
Network approach
- Amount of foreigners in country doesn’t strongly
correlate with number of immigrants
- Attractiveness of country not explained very well by
stock of present foreigners
Political control variables
- Countries with legislation against discrimination tend to
attract fewer immigrants (not stable relation)
, - No good statistics bcs 21 countries included
- Political policy can influence economic prosperity and
employment, so still possible effect on immigration
An integrated model
- All significant relations included
- Immigration increases over time, but bcs explanation
from other variables, time is not significant
- Population of host significant
- Colonial past and unemployment significant still
- Economic and cultural frameworks both
complementary and are both valid
- More immigration when lower unemployment
- Colonial powers attract immigrants cultural
hegemony
Discussion/conclusion - Created model usable to reconstruct structures in
migrant flows in Europe
- Economic and cultural approach best indicators for pull
factors
Economic model
- Highest GDP a not really important pull factors
- Pull factor is shortage in labour market
- Social expenditure not important
New question
- How is equilibrium between immigration and labour
market reached
Cultural model
- Colonial past important factor
- Cultural hegemony
- Language important
Neumayer(2005) Bogus refugees? The determinants of asylum migration to
western Europe
Problem - Conflict between natives and asylum seekers created
by asylum migration
- Countries trying to pass migration burden to other
country
- Flows of immigrants changed. From usually culturally
similar refugees to third-world
Question
- What factors explain asylum migration to Western
European countries
- Economic factors only explanatory factor? there is
perception of bogus refugees: luck seekers
- Or violence, human rights abuse and political
oppression also important
- What is a genuine refugee?
- Little has been done to fix reasons causing asylum-
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