College aantekeningen

Youth and Sexuality - Lecture Notes 4,5 and 6 ()

0 keer verkocht

Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

These are the notes for the second partial exam (lectures 4,5 and 6) of Youth and Sexuality with notes from the corresponding tutorial groups.

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 3 van de 21 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Geupload op 2 mei 2023
Aantal pagina's 21
Geschreven in 2021/2022
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) M.e. de looze
Bevat Alle colleges

sexual health
youth
sexuality
adolescence
pregnancy
pleasure
norms
masculinity
violence
feminism
rape
consent
diversity
family
intersectionality
lgbtiqa

Volgen

maartjewiercx Lid sinds 2 jaar 45 documenten verkocht

Aantekeningen Werkgroep 3

- Je moet uitleggen van een casus in welk systeem van Bronfenbrenner het zich bevindt
- Sexualized = expressing more sexuality. So all the images we get from implicit and explicit
sexuality
- Nancy Friday: what you fantasies is not correlated with what you want. Women fantasies
more about aggressive things (rape/sex with your dad).

Hoorcollege 4 – Sexual health: Risks and interventions

Disclaimer

- This lecture is about sexual health in the NARROW sense: risks, unwanted health outcomes.
That does not mean that this is the way to define sexual health (in fact, it’s not)
- Some parts of this lecture are exclusively or mostly relevant for penis-in-vagina sex
- I will sometimes just say ‘women’ or ‘men’, but that includes all people with wombs or
penises
- This lecture is about topics that might touch upon your personal beliefs, ethics and
experiences

What is ‘sexual risk behavior’?

- Sexual behavior that puts one at risk for adverse health outcomes. Adverse health
outcomes:
o STI (including HIV) and unwanted pregnancy (abortion/ carrying to term)
- The risk level depends on
o the outcome (e.g., oral sex is high risk for gonorrhoea, low risk for HIV)
o with whom (e.g., sex workers, casual partners)
o number of partners
- The risk is not only individual, but may also have consequences for others and the
environment (e.g., treatment of gonorrhoea may lead to resistance to antibiotics in general
population)

In General

- Dutch youth is doing relatively ‘well’, if you consider unintended pregnancy and STIs
unwanted outcomes
o Low teenage (unwanted) pregnancy rate
o Low abortion rate
o Low rate of non-users of any contraception
o Low HIV/ STI prevalence
- So, sexually healthy country in general

There are many factors on different levels that can affect HIV-related behaviour. Those factors also
interact. If you want to change this behaviour, you have to take a lot of factors into account

- Individual: risk perception, motivation, substance use, perceived social norms ect
- Interpersonal/Network: relationship power/equality/satisfaction, social support ect
- Community: Stigma, peer pressure, social/cultural norms, community organization ect
- Institutional/Health system: Peer advisors, provision of appropriate services, privacy ect
- Structural: Poverty, access to services, gender equality, public policy, funding for
interventions, education ect

,STIs (or STDs) among youth

- 15-24 y/o account for half of all new STD infections
- Why are youth at elevated risk?
o Young women’s bodies more prone to STIs
o More (casual) sex partners
o Not always getting tested (insurance, access)
o Hesitant to talk to medical professionals about sex

Adolescent pregnancy and abortion

- Compared to other countries, we have a very low rate of adolescent pregnancy rate
(currently even lower)
- Most unwanted pregnancies/ abortions happen among adult women, not adolescents, so
this does not seem a ‘typical youth/adolescent risk’
- However, adolescent pregnancy is often seen as problematic

Prevention of unwanted pregnancy: contraception

- Only two are for male, the rest is all for female. Why are many methods being developed and
promising, but never make it to the market?

Use of contraceptive methods by women by age (%)

 older  more IUD

Youth contraception: “Doctor, I want the pill please”

- Typically young girls start using OCP (oral contraception pill)
- They often choose the pill, because this is most common among peers
- Yet they want to be properly informed about the options and side effects
- Changing information need: Often they are not open to contraception counseling at first
consultation with the GP, but after they start use they wish they would have had more
information --> follow up recommended

Intervention programs

- 2/3 of of sex education / prevention programs are effective (Kirby et al., 2007)

, - Abstinence only → no effect (Underhill et al., 2007a)
o Just postponing having sex (eg until marriage)
- Abstinence-plus → effective (Underhill et al., 2007b)
o When they also say if you have sex, do it safely
- Safe sex promotion → highly effective, and do not lead to earlier initiation or more
promiscuity (Smoak et al., 2006)
- Peer group interventions with influential peer educators most successful in MSM (Review of
reviews, Lorimer et al., 2013)
- Attention for pleasure has added benefit (Zaneva et al., 2021)

What is the added value of incorporating pleasure in sexual health interventions? (systematic review
by Zaneva et al., 2022)

- Identified 33 interventions that incorporated pleasure
- Selected studies with standard care or matched control group to isolate role of pleasure
- Overall moderate effect of pleasure in interventions on condom use → reduction HIV/ STI
- Qualitative data: adding pleasure in interventions can have positive effects on knowledge
and attitudes

Abortion among youth

- Approx 2,300 in 2020
- Approx 60 in 2020 <16 (0,2%)
- Over 70% is >25, almost half is >30
- Over 50% already has children
- So, a very small proportion of women in abortion clinic is under 20 & it’s declining over time

Does abortion increase the risk on mental disorders?

- Prospective longitudinal cohort study (6 years)
- No increased risk on first-incidence of mental disorders in the five years post abortion
- In case women do develop MD’s, this is related to previous Mental Health, unstable
relationships and negative life events
- Women who have abortions, more often have a history of mental disorders than women
who never experienced abortion
- In other words, having mental disorders may increase the risk on unwanted pregnancy and
abortion rather than the other way around
- Many women experience the abortion as emotional/intense, but that does not mean they
will come to regret it (regret is rare) or develop mental disorders (e.g. depression)

And what about…. Carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term?

Compared to women who had abortions, women who want an abortion but are turned away:

- Have more mental health problems
- More financial issues
- More often stay with a violent partner
- More often single parent
- Less secure attachment with children

Yet…. Not all unwanted pregnancies that are carried to term have adverse consequences

- Pregnancy intentions are fluid

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.