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Samenvatting Global Health 101 Essential Public Health - international public health (AB-1145)

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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

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Global Health 101

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Geupload op 2 juni 2023
Aantal pagina's 116
Geschreven in 2022/2023
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International Public Health: Summary book
Chapter 1: The principles and goals of global health
Selected progress in global health
 Global life expectancy increased 37% from 1960 to 2016
 The rate of child mortality fell 62% from 1990 to 2016
 Nearly 3 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, with only 33 cases of wild
poliovirus cases reported in 2017
 There were 44% fewer maternal deaths in 2015 than in 1990
 Fifty-three million tuberculosis deaths were averted from 2000 to 2016 trough successful
diagnosis and treatment
 There were 900.000 fewer deaths due to HIV/AIDS in 2016 compared to 2005
 The number of guinea worm cases had decreased over 99.9% from 3.5 million in 1986 to
30 in 2017
 The global prevalence to tobacco smoking decreased from 24% in 2007 to 21% 2015,
despite population growth.

Selected progress in global health
 There were 5.6 million under-5 child deaths in 2016
 Almost half of all under-5 deaths are related to malnutrition
 There were 435.000 malaria deaths in 2017
 1.3 million HIV-negative people died from tuberculosis in 2017, in addition to 300.000
people with HIV
 1.8 million people became infected with HIV in 2017
 In 2017, there were 940.000 deaths caused by AIDS
 There were 303.000 maternal deaths in 2015
 Approximately 1 billion people are infected with roundworm
 The prevalence of diabetes had doubled since 1980

Health
Is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.

Public health
The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health
and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts towards a sanitary
environment; the control of community infections; the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing service for the early
diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the development of the social machinery to ensure
to every individua in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of
health.

The biggest difference between the medical approach and the public health approach is the
focus in the public health on the health of the populations rather than in the health of
individuals.

,Epidemiology focusses on studying patterns and causes of disease in specific populations and
the application of this information to controlling health problems.

Global health
Implies a global perspective on public health problems. It suggests issues that people face in
common, such as the impact of a growing and aging worldwide population on health or the
potential risks of climate change to health. The topic also related in important ways to
problems that require cooperative action. An important part of global health also covers the
growing problem everywhere of noncommunicable diseases, as well as the ‘unfinished
agenda’ of the health needs of the poor in low0income countries.

One health and planetary health
One health is the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and
globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.

Planetary health is the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing,
and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human system -political, economic,
and social- that shape the future of humanity and the earth’s natural systems that define the
safe environmental limits within which humanity cab flourish. Put simply, planetary health is
the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends.

Critical global health concepts
 The determinants and social determinants of health
 The key risk factors for different health conditions
 The global burden of disease
 The measurement of health status
 The demographic and epidemiologic transitions
 The organization and functions of health systems
 Links among health, education, development, poverty, and equity

,Key health issues
 Environmental health
 Nutrition
 Reproductive health
 The health of children, adolescents, and you adults
 Communicable diseases
 Noncommunicable diseases
 Injuries

World bank regions
 East Asia and Pacific
 Europe and Central Asia
 Latin America and the Caribbean
 Middle East and North Africa
 North America
 South Asia
 Sub-Saharan Africa

The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups, based on estimates of their
gross national income (GNI) per capita:
 Low-income economies
 Lower middle-income economies
 Upper middle-income economies
 High-income economies

For the World Bank’s 2019 fiscal year, country income groups are defined as follows:
 Low-income economies: GNI per capita of $995 or less in 2017
 Lower middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $996 and $3895
 Upper middle-income economies: GNI per capita between $3896 and $12055
 High-income economies: GNI per capita of $12056 or more

WHO regions
 Africa
 The Americas
 Southeast Asia
 Europe
 Eastern Mediterranean
 Western Pacific

, The sustainable development goals

Targets of sustainable development goal 3
 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicable diseases.
 By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases
through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug
abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programs.
 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality
essential healthcare and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential
medicines and vaccines for all.
 By 2030, substantial reduce the number of death and illnesses from hazardous chemicals
and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.
 Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework
Conception on Tobacco Control in all countries.
 Substantially increase health financing.
 Strengthen the capacity of all countries.

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