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Summary of Everything you need to learn for Criminological Research

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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

This is a summary of everything you need to know for the exam of criminological research. This document includes summaries of all lectures and all literature. There is also an index to swiftly find the information you need.

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Summary of Everything
Type Summary

Materials

Reviewed
Week 1
Article 1: Bows (2018)
Article 2: Becker (1967)
Article 3: Ferrell (1997)
Article 4: Potter and Potter (2020)
Lecture 1: Introduction
Criminological research
Empirical research
Quantitative research
The dark number of crime
The empirical cycle
Population and sample
Qualitative approach
Some considerations for research questions
Types of…
Week 2
Article 1: Legard, Keegan and Ward (2003)
Article 2: Turner (2010)
Lecture 2: Open Interviews
Open interviews
Semi-structured interview
Elite or expert interview
Week 3
Article 1: Hall (2018)
Article 2: Sandberg and Copes (2012)
Lecture 3: Participant observation
Some definitions of observation
Key features of ethnography (3)
Participant observation
Ethical issues

Summary of Everything 1

, Role taking
Week 4
Article 1: Eisner (2003)
Article 2: Deakin and Spencer (2018)
Article 3: Van de Veer (2012)
Lecture 4: Quantitative research
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal research
Sampling, representativeness and generalizibalility
Quantitative research
Week 5
Article 1: Gill (2000)
Article 2: Petintseva (2022)
Article 3: Zuñiga (2018)
Lecture 5: Discourse Analysis
Discourse
Discourse analysis
Content analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
1. Form/production/consumption
2. Content
3. Discourse strategies
4. Functions and performativity
Five dimensions of analyzing images
Four steps for analyzing films (Denzin, 2004)
Week 6
Article 1: Yar (2018)
Article 2: James and Busher (2012)
Article 3: Urbanik, Roks, Storrod, and Densley (2020)
Lecture 6: Online methods
Studying social practices online
Methods
Multimodel framework for analyzing websites
Week 7
Article 1: Davies (2018)
Article 2: Rubin and Rubin (2012)
Lecture 7: Qualitative data analysis
Qualitative data analysis
10 principles of data analysis
Four phases of data analysis
Grounded theory approach
Coding
Code structures/networks

Summary of Everything 2

, Week 8
Article 1: Calvey (2013)
Article 2: Lauder (2003)
Article 3: Bulmer (1980)
Lecture 8: Covert methods in criminology
What is covert research?
Some complications
The ethics of covert research

Week 1
Article 1: Bows (2018)
This article provides a comprehensive overview of various methodological
approaches used in criminological research, including strengths and limitations.

First, importance of selecting appropriate methods based on the RQ, design, and
ethical considerations. Emphasizing that the choice of methodology should align with
research objectives and data type to answer the RQ effectively.

Second, the article covers quantitative methods, which involve the collection and
analysis of numeric data. It also disucusses the advantages and disadvantages of
quantitative methods, like surveys, experiments, and content analysis, plus
highlights the ability to provide statistical insights and generalisation.

Third, the article covers qualitative methods as well, which involve collection and
analysis of non-numerical data, i.e., interviews, observations, and case studies.
Bows concludes they capture rich, in-depth data, but with limited generalizability.
Mixed methods are also pointed out, which combine quantitative and qualitative
approaches.
Fourth, specific techniques used in criminological research are discussed, like
sampling, data collection, and data analysis along with guidelines on how to use
them. Bows emphasizes the need for rigor in research, including proper design,
data collection and analyzing techniques. The author highlights addressing potential
biases and limitations along with the need of transparency.

Article 2: Becker (1967)
Becker explores the ethical considerations and potential biases that social scientists
may encounter in their research.

Summary of Everything 3

, First, Becker acknowledges that social scientists often have personal opinions,
loyalties, and biases that influence their research. Researchers should be aware of
this and strive to maintain impartiality.

Second, Becker emphasizes the importance of transparency and opennes in
research. Social scientists are encouraged to acknowledge their own perspectives
and potential conflicts of interest. Researchers should also be transparent about
their funding sources, political affiliations, or personal interests.
Third, Becker notes that complete objectivity is unattainable, but scientists should
still strive to minimize bias by using rigorous methods, critically examining their own
assumptions, and being open to alternative perspectives.

On the part of ethics, Becker questions responsibilities of social scientists in
conducting research. Becker argues that scientists are responsible for being honest,
transparent and impartial and carefully consider the potential impacts of their work
on society.

Article 3: Ferrell (1997)
This article discusses the concept Verstehen in criminology, a term borrowed from
sociology that refers to understanding and emphasizing with the subjective
experiences of individuals involved in criminal activities. Ferrell argues that often
quantitative data gets prioritized, but fails to capture subjective meanings and
motivations of those interviewed. He highlights the verstehen approach that involves
empathetic understanding.
The article points to qualitative methods, such as participant observation and
interviews, to gain insight to the experiences of individuals engaged in crime.
Qualitative research allows researchers to immerse themselves in the immediate
context of crime.

Ethical considerations and challenges also play a big role in verstehen. Ferrell
discusses potential risks and limitations of immersing oneself in the criminal world,
such as safety issues, legality, and ethical concerns about complicity or bias.
Criminological verstehen benefits the ability to provide insights into social, cultural,
and economic factors that shape criminal behaviour. Understanding the immediate
experiences can provide a more nuanced and contextualized understanding of
crime, beyond labels and stereotypes.

Article 4: Potter and Potter (2020)

Summary of Everything 4

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