News and Journalism final exam
Week 1
Chapter 9
Changing news consumption
- Demographic change
- Cultural decline
- Technology (instant feedback changes the whole concept of journalism)
- Declining appetite for serious news, especially in younger generations
Intensive reading = reading text over and over again, assuming others are familiar with It. Reading
for e.g. spiritual well-being (bible), memorizing
Extensive reading = glancing over it not so many times, reading for enjoyment
Different realities created due to different exposure for insiders (e.g. faculties)
Reasons for missing news: enjoyment, ritual, structure, social interaction, emotional factors
Week 2
Hallin and Manicni
- Development of media markets (high or low circulation) – more ( elite, quality, horizontal),
less (mass media, quantity, vertical)
- Political parallelism (ties to organisations, church, institutions etc.) -> party press parallelism ,
tendency to be politically active, addressing particular audience
- Journalistic professionalization (not education but 1) autonomy and freedom of press 2)
professional norms like protecting sources, strong public service orientation, watchdog
journalism)
- State intervention (high or low) – e.g. subsidies or law-regulating
3 models
- Democratic corporist: high circulation, ties to parties, high state intervention (protecting
freedom of press) but also high autonomy
- Mediterranean/ Polarized pluralist: low circulation, ties to parties, state intervention, low
autonomy right
- Liberal: medium circulation, no ties to parties, low state intervention (market-dominated),
high journalistic professionalism
Knowledge Clip 3:
Comparative analysis
1) Elements
2) Clarify concept and subcriteria
, 3) First object
4) Second object
5) comparison
Importance of comparing these subjects: examining why the press is as it is and why objectivity
varies
Commercial context and economic value of the news:
1) Symbolic value when used
2) Value doesn’t decrease when shared
3) Material value in print
Economic value
1) Non-competitive goods, you can’t run out of information
2) First copy costs: costs of first copy are highest, investing by collecting information and
making coherent story, later cost of producing is much lower
3) News products are almost always duo/ duality of products: broad audience and enticing for
advertisers
4) Not only information, but also experience is valuable
The development of free newspapers:
- Duality doesn’t disappear for non-free newspapers, because advertiser is only interested in a
certain audience (power elite)
- Free newspapers created possibilities to scan, snack, check news before digitalization (e.g in
metro)
- Free newspapers did not need to collect own recourses, information is already available,
independent of its carrier, to save costs by not collecting information
Week 2 continued
Historical development of journalism
Early 18th century – united colonial era: newspapers advertising themselves, development of
entertainment in news
Around 1775: conflicts with the UK (loyalists against patriots), pressure from factions onto media,
developing stronger ties to parties
1791: 1st amendment (protection of autonomy and freedom of the press)
1833-1835: penny papers: cheap way of producing news, more advertising, still attachment to
parties, investing in technology to promote mass printing
2nd half of 19th century: ties to parties loosened up, journalists developed their own culture and
autonomy, parajournalism emerges, objectivism as ideology
1960s: watergate, Vietnam-war, civil rights era -> trust in politics decreased and journalists
developed their own autonomy, watchdog-journalism, media as the 4 th state
