Methodologie begrippenlijst
Hoofdstuk 1
Evidence-based treatment (op bewijs gebaseerde handeling) = therapies that are supported
by research
Empiricism (empirisme) = involves using evidence from the senses or from instruments that
assist the senses as the basis for conclusions
Theory = set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to
one another
Hypothesis (hypothese) = hypothesis or prediction, is stated in terms of the study design. It’s
the specific outcome the researcher will observe in a study if the theory is accurate
Data = a set of observations
Preregistered (voorgeregristreerd) = hypothesis are preregistered. After the study is
designed but before collecting any data, the researchers states publicly what the study’s
outcome is expected to be
Replication (replicatie) = the study is conducted again to test whether the result is consistent
Weight of the evidence (zwaarte van het bewijs) = Scientists evaluate their theories based
on the weight of the evidence – the collection of studies, including replications, of the same
theory
Falsifiability (falsificeerbaar) = a theory should lead to hypotheses that, when tested, could
fail to support the theory
Universalism = scientific claims are evaluated according to their merit, independent of the
researcher’s credentials or reputation. The same preestablished criteria apply to all scientists
and all research
Communality = scientific knowledge is created by a community and its findings belong to a
community
Disinterestedness = scientists strive to discover the truth, whatever it is; they are not swayed
by conviction, idealism, politics, of profit
Organized skepticism = scientists question everything, including their own theories, widely
accepted idead and ‘ancient wisdom’
Self-correcting = discovers its own mistaken theories and corrects them
Applied research = is done with a practical problem in mind and the researchers conduct
their work in a local, real-world context
Basic research = enhance the general body of knowledge rather than to address a specific,
practical problem
Translational research = the use of lessons from basic research to develop and test
applications to health care, psychotherapy and other forms of treatment and intervention
Journal = when scientists want to tell the scientific world about the results of their research,
they write a paper and submit it to a scientific journal (peer reviewed)
Journalism = a secondhand report about the research, written by journalist or laypeople
Hoofdstuk 2
Comparison group (vergelijkingsgroep) = a comparison group enables us to compare what
would happen both with and without the thing we are interested in
,Confound = in real-world situations, there are several possible explanations for an out-come.
In research these alternative explanations are called confounds (third-variable)
Confederate = an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter
Probabilistic = its findings do not explain all cases of the time. Instead, the conclusions of
research are meant to explain a certain proportion of the possible cases
Availability heuristic = states that things that pop up easily in our mind tend tot guide our
thinking. When events or memories are vivid, recent, or memorable, they come to mind
more easily, leading us to overestimate how often things happen
Present/present bias = when testing relationships, we often fail to look for absences; in
contrast, it is easy to notice what is present. The present/present bias reflects our failure to
consider appropriate comparison groups.
Confirmation bias = the tendency to look only at information that agrees with what we want
to believe. We ‘cherry-pick’ the information we take in – seeking and accepting only the
evidence that supports what we already think
Bias blind spot = the belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to the other biases previously
described. Most of us think we are less biased than others, so when we notice that our own
view of a situation is different from that of somebody else, we conclude that ‘I’m the
objective one here’ and ‘you are the biased one’
Empirical journal article = empirical journal articles report, for the first time, the results of a
research study. Empirical articles contain details about the study’s method, the statistical
tests used, and the results of the study
Review journal article = summarize and integrate all the published studies that have been
done in one research area
Meta-analysis = combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes
the magnitude, or the effect size, of a relationship. Meta-analysis is valued by psychologists
because it weighs each study proportionately and does not allow cherry-picking particular
studies
Effect size = laat zien hoe betekenisvol de relatie is tussen variabelen of het verschil tussen
groepen is
Paywalled = a method of restricting access to content, with a purchase or a paid subscription
Open access = available for free to the general public
Disinformation = the deliberate creation and sharing of information known to be false
Hoofdstuk 3
Variable (variabel) = something that varies, so it must have at least two levels, or values
(voorbeeld: roken)
Levels = values (voorbeeld: roker en geen roker)
Constant = something that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in
question
Measured variable (gemeten variabel) = is one whose levels are simply observed and
recorded
Manipulated variable (gemanipuleerde variabel) = is a variable a researcher controls,
usually by assigning study participants to the different levels of that variable
Construct = niet observeerbare variabelen
Conceptual variable = hetzelfde als construct niet observeerbare variabelen
Operational definition = om een construct meetbaar te maken, gebruik je de operationele
definitie zoals IQ door IQ-testen
, Operational variable = hetzelfde als operational definition om een construct meetbaar te
maken, gebruik je de operationele definitie zoals IQ door IQ-testen
Operationalize = turn a conceptual variable into a measured or manipulated variable
Claim = argument someone is trying to make
Frequency claim = describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable
Association claim = argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a
particular level of another variable
Correlate = variables that are associated are sometimes said to be correlate, of covary,
meaning that when one variable changes, the other variable tends to change, too
Correlational study = type of study in which the variables are measured and the relationship
between them is tested. When you read an association claim, you will usually find a
correlational study supporting it
Positive association = or positive correlation. High goes with high and low goes with low
Scatterplot (puntenwolk) = a graph in which one variable is plotted on the y-axis and the
other variable is plotted on the x-axis. Each dot represents one participant in the study,
measured on the two variables
Negative association = or negative correlation. High goes with low and low goes with high
Zero association = or no association, between the variables
Causal claim = one of the variables is responsible for changing the other
Validity = refers to the appropriateness of a conclusion or decision, and in general, a valid
claim is reasonable, accurate and justifiable
Construct validity = refers to how well a conceptual variable is operationalized. When you
ask how well a study is measured or manipulated a variable, you are interrogating the
construct validity.
Generalizability = how did the researchers choose the study’s participant, and how well do
those participants represent the intended population?
External validity = how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, people or
contexts besides those in the original study
Statistical validity = also called statistical conclusion validity, is the extent to which a study’s
statistical conclusions are precise, reasonable and replicable. How well do the numbers
support the claim?
Point estimate = is the process of using sample data to calculate a single value (known as a
point estimate) which is to serve as a ‘best guess’ or ‘best estimate’ of an unknown
population parameter
Confidence interval = the confidence interval is a range designed to include the true
population value a high proportion of the time
Margin of error of the estimate = zelfde als confidence interval is a range designed to
include the true population value a high proportion of the time
Covariance = the extent to which two variables are observed to go together, is established by
the results of a study
Temporal precedence = means that the method was designed so that the causal variable
clearly comes first in time, before the effect variable
Internal validity = or the third-variable criterion. Refers to a study’s ability to eliminate
alternative explanations for the assocation
Experiment = experiments are considered the gold standard of psychological research
because of their potential to support causal claims. Procedure carried out to support or
refute a hypothesis
