Samenvatting
Summary Courses BBS1001 Lego Bricks of Life
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Biomedical Sciences BBS1001 course, Lego Brick of Life, summary of all 13 the cases.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 39 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 39 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
3 beoordelingen
Door: victorsarrucco • 6 jaar geleden
Door: camillegalle • 6 jaar geleden
Hele goeie samenvatting! Bevat alle belangrijke stukjes. Wel beknopt.
Door: peterpetra • 6 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Case 1 – Fats and Sugars.1 What is the structure of fat (glycerides)?
The main molecules of fats are one glycerol and three fatty acids, the whole fat molecule is only built
out of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen molecules, these kind of fats are called triglycerides. There are
also mono or diglycerides though normally they are only found while breaking down a triglyceride.
There are two types of fatty acids; there are saturated fats and unsaturated fats, saturated means
that the molecule has the max amount of hydrogen atoms; this means the
whole molecule only exists out of single bonds. Unsaturated fats on the other
hand have double bonds and have less hydrogen molecules than saturated fatty
acids, these double bonds give them a ‘bend’ in the tail.
Fats are quite big molecules and have almost no groups that can form hydrogen
bridges, this makes it so that they cannot be dissolved in water.
Naming fatty acids is done by first counting the length of the carbon chain, then
the amount of double bonds and last the place of the double bond.
For example C19: 1 n – 9
Phospholipids form the bilayer from the cell membranes, the phospholipids are
made out of a glycerol, two fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) and a phosphate
group.
.2 What is the structure of sugar (saccharides/carbohydrates)?
Just like fat sugars only exist out of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen molecules, there
are however a lot of different kinds of sugars or carbohydrates. When we look at
single molecules they can be a straight chain but can also be cyclic, then C-atoms
form a bond in between the molecule itself.
Glucose for example is a very well-known carbohydrate, has a ring structure and
exists out of six carbon atoms, however there can be two types of ring structures;
there’s the alpha structure and the beta structure. In the alpha structure both the
hydroxyl groups on C1 and C4 face in the same direction, both face down while in
the beta structure the hydroxyl group on C1 faces up while the hydroxyl group on
C4 faces down.
But not all sugars only exist out of one ‘sugar molecule’, glycogen for example
exists out of thousands of glucose molecules.
Sugars have a lot a OH groups and can thus form a lot of hydrogen bonds, and
thereby are thus good solvable in water.
.3 How does the body digest fats?
All food first gets mechanically digested in the mouth, by chewing the food you increase the surface
on where enzymes can work. Saliva and lipase make the food swallowable, when the food gets in the
stomach there will be more mechanical digestion and the fats will end up as a somewhat liquified
substance.
In the duodenum bile will emulsify the fat, that means that a lot of very small flat droplets will be
formed, greatly increasing the surface on where the lipases can break down the fat, the lipases also
get added in the duodenum. The lipase breaks down all the triglycerides. The pancreas however also
secretes bicarbonate ions, for neutralizing the pH, while the pH from within the stomach would
denure the lipases. The fats will be broken down into glycerols or monoglycerides and fatty acids, and
will be absorbed through the villi in the intestines. In the blood the fatty acids and glycerol or
monoglycerides will be used to make triglycerides again.
,.4 How does the body digest sugars?
After the mechanical digestion the food ends up in the stomach, but within the saliva there also
already is an enzyme, amylase, that breaks down amylose. The amylose doesn’t break down that
much while when it gets into the stomach it will denature.
In the intestines most of the sugars will be broken down, however unlike the fats, every sugar
molecule has its own enzyme that will need to break it down. Lactase for example breaks down
lactose, maltase breaks down maltose and sucrase breaks down sucrose.
Every sugar molecule will be broken down to monosaccharides and will be absorbed in the intestines,
the liver can use the glucose for example to builds big molecules called glycogen; glucose storage.
Not all sugars can be digested by humans, for example while we don’t have the enzyme called
cellulase we can’t break down cellulose; found in most of the cell wands of plants.
.5 What are the differences between synthetic and natural fats and sugars?
The main idea behind the difference is that natural means that it is made by nature, you could say
that the ‘recipe’ is made by millions of years of evolution, while synthesized fats and sugars are made
by humans minds; industrial made.
One other big difference is that when you eat natural ‘food’ you will not only get one type of fat for
example but also sugars and proteins, while industrial made products should only contain the
unsaturated fat for example.
Another difference can also be that unsaturated fats get turned into saturated fats while that will
increase their shelf time, however this is not always the case.
.1 Carbohydrates/Saccharides
.2 Saturated and Unsaturated
.3 Enzymes
.4 Lipids
.5 Digestion
.6 Nomenclature (C17: 2 n - 6,9)
.7 Structure
.8 Natural and Refined
.9 Function (energy storage)
.10 Properties (solvable or not)
, Case 2 – The most beautiful experiment in biology
.1 What’s the structure of DNA and RNA?
DNA is a double stranded helix made out of a sugar phosphate backbone
that exist out of a deoxyribose molecule and a phosphate molecule, one
of each together with a base is called a nucleotide. Each DNA strand
exists out of millions of nucleotides, the nucleotides can have four
different bases, they always form two pairs; Both Adenine and Thymine
can form two hydrogen bonds with each other while Guanine and
Cytosine can form three hydrogen bonds with each other.
But DNA does not only exist out of the two strands there are also histones, these
histones make sure the DNA strands get folded correctly, they also make sure that DNA
mutations will be repaired, while it can recruit special DNA mismatch repair molecules.
RNA on the other hand exist only out of one strand, the sugar phosphate backbone is
made out of ribose and the bases are Cytosine and Guanine, but in RNA Adenine pairs
with Uracil instead of Thymine, they still form two hydrogen bonds though.
The bases can be split up in two groups; purines, Adenine and Guanine and
pyrimidines, Cytosine, Guanine and Uracil, the difference between the two groups is
that purines have two cycles in them while pyrimidines have only one.
(((… a CUT only has one hole / CUT Pyramids…)))
Another quite important difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA has the information for a
whole organism, while RNA only has the information for making ‘one’ specific protein.
.2 How does DNA replication work?
Before starting the replication topoisomerase1 needs to unwind the double
helix (it most often removes a supercoil by cutting the DNA, unlooping the
DNA and afterwards pasting it together again), afterwards helicases need to
unzip the double strand and Single Strand Binders keep them open. Now the
DNA is opened up the replication can start, the DNA gets replicated in two
reading ways, in 3’5’ way and 5’3’ way, the first one is the easiest and
most safest.
Reading the leading strand, from 3’ to 5’, can be done in one continues go by
polymerase III, the copying of the DNA is really easy due to the fact that A
always pair with T and C always with G. One thing to note, reading from 3’ to 5’
means forming from 5’ to 3’.
Reading the lagging strand, from 5’ to 3’, however is way harder, it needs to be
made in very small parts called Okazaki fragments. This is due to the fact that
forming 3’ to 5’ would be very dangerous, when you make a strand in this way a
mistake cannot be repaired, this means that the chance on mutations is way
higher, that’s why this strand gets replicated in very small pieces (also 5’ to 3’!).
Replicating the strand itself still gets done by polymerase III, however the
starting point of an Okazaki fragment needs to be an RNA primer who gets
made by RNA primase, otherwise there’s no way to place the nucleotides of
the Okazaki fragments. When an Okazaki fragment is finished the RNA primer
gets removed by polymerase I, and DNA ligase will fill the now empty place in
Topoisomerase with the correct nucleotides, thus sticking the Okazaki fragments together.
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYGrElVyHnU
, One thing to note here, the leading and lagging strand are not a whole strand, but only part of a
strand while starting the replication happens in the middle of the strands.
Codin
g A T G C G T A C C
5’3’
Non-
Codin
T A C G C A T G G
g
3’5’
.3 How does RNA get formed?
RNA gets formed by transcripting a specific part of the DNA, RNA
polymerase will read the leading strand of DNA and will form an
RNA strand. The DNA gets read in 3’ to 5’ way, but the RNA itself
gets formed from 5’ to 3’ (the same way that the ribosomes will
translate it), one thing to note here is that there are again two
strands; the strand that gets read, the non-coding strand but also
the strand that is almost identical as the RNA that gets formed,
the coding strand.
mRNA
5’3’
The RNA that gets formed is called pre-mRNA, there’s one
Protein
important thing that will happen before it can be translated in
the ribosomes however; the introns need to get cut out of the pre-mRNA by
spliceosomes, in this way only exons stay and form the mRNA. These
spliceosomes can cut the pre-mRNA in different ways, this means eventually
that one part of DNA can translate into multiple proteins.
Except mRNA there is also tRNA, the small molecules that will bring amino
acids to the ribosomes an that have anti-codons that match with the right
codons for the right amino acids. Without these tRNA molecules the amino
acids would never end up in the ribosomes and translation of an mRNA
molecule would never happen, the tRNA molecules have a so-called clover leaf structure.
And then there is also rRNA, the RNA that together with proteins build the ribosomes that translate
the mRNA into the proteins.
.4 What’s the function of DNA?
DNA has a few main functions, it has all the information of an organism within each cell, all the
information for making the proteins, but also the information so each cell knows what it should do.
Except the information for the organism itself you could also say that it has the information for
population, while DNA is the way to give your genes to the next generation, and thus more or less the
reason for evolution.
Replication of DNA happens in the mitosis, where a diploid cell gets replicated and ends up as two
diploid cells with exactly the same DNA. And producing offspring will happen due to meiosis, in
meiosis one diploid cell will end up as four haploid cell, where for males all four gametes will survive
Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:
Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews
Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!
In een paar klikken geregeld
Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.
Direct to-the-point
Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper DirelessWolf. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €4,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 69988 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen