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Samenvatting - Approaches to Space and Environment + literatuur

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(MANBCU2028)

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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)

Complete samenvatting van alle 9 hoorcolleges van het vak Approaches to Space and Environment, met daarna een samenvatting van de artikelen van Sorkin (2006), Soja (1996), Hayden (1980), Sandercock (1998), Friedmann (1987), Van der Grift (2013) en Kropotkin (1975). De samenvatting is bijna geheel i...

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Geupload op 27 oktober 2023
Aantal pagina's 26
Geschreven in 2023/2024
Type Samenvatting

geografie
planologie
milieu
approaches
space
environment
anarchisme
utopisme
garden city
tuinstad
city beautiful
positivisme
spatial planning
spatial science
sorkin
soja
hayden
sandercock
friedmann
kr

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Approaches to Space and Environment

Social Utopian & Anarchist Geographers/Planners

Thomas More’s Utopia (1516)
Greek: ou-topos (no place), or eu-topos (good place)

“Planning as Social Mobilization” (Friedmann, 1987)
- Encompassing three major oppositional movements of the 19th century
- France & England
- Perspective of victims of industrialization and critique of industrialism

Social Utopianism
- Possibilities of a secular life in small communities apart from State
- Money-free economy based on exchange of Labour (L) time
- Influence of social & physical environment on human character
- Importance for human development of balance between industrial and agricultural
pursuits (fields & factories)
- Free reign given to passionate nature of human beings as 1st break with rational
Benthamite tradition
- Role of play in education and learning

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
- Besancon, France
- Poverty as the principle cause of disorder
- ‘Concern and ‘cooperation’ as the secrets of social success
- Distribution of the social product according to need
- Assignment of function according to individual faculties and inclinations, irrespective
of gender
- Constant mutations of functions
- Shorter work periods
- Central idea: labor  pleasure
- Universele aantrekkingskracht: ‘Attraction passsionnée’ -> (1) luxury & pleasure of
the five senses, (2) formation of libidinal groups (friendship & love), (3) establishment
of a harmonious order with groups that work in accordance with individual passions

Fourierist Phalanstere
- New social world
- 12 passions -> 810 types of character (1620 people per phalanx)
- Wealthy on top floor; low-income on ground floor
- Children’s education: focus on interchanging occupation, creativity, etc.
- Ambition: 6 million phalansteres, ruled by a World Congress of Phalanxes
- Influence on 1848 Revolution and Paris Commune 1871
- Rise of ‘intential communities’ in the US

,Henri Nicolaas ter Veen (1883-1949)
- Social Utopian
- Haarlemmermeer als kolonisatiegebied (1918/1925)
o Lax state control, power of absentee landownership
o Social Darwinism: tenant farmers, hired hands, society’s misfits
o Dutch version of the ‘American frontier’ (wild west)
o Ter Veen: ‘Once, but never again’ -> de staat bemoeide zich te weinig
- Wieringermeer Polder Reclamation

Anarchism
- Dissolution of ‘government’
- Contract between free individuals
- Revival of communal tradition
- Arbeidersverenigingen: wederzijdse uitwisseling van goederen en diensten (behoefte
ipv werk)
- Self-sufficient economic development (regional scale)
- Classless society
- Education integrale: manual & intellectual labor (‘fields, factories and workshops’)
- ‘Attractive work’
- Struggle and conflict not only inevitable, but desirable

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865
- Besancon, France
- Master in art of printing
- Society as part of natural/universal order -> individual freedom rooted in natural
processes
- Property = the sum of its abuses
- Possession = the right of man to effective control over his dwelling, land, tools as
condition of ‘liberty’
- Anarchy as a form of government

Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (1842-1921)
- Moskow
- From ‘thought’ to ‘Action’
- Believed in revolution against inequality as ‘natural’ process leading to ‘social
equality’
- Fieldwork in Sibera: he discovered the horrible living conditions of prisoners there
- Mutual Aid: manifesto that argues that what makes humans thrive is not
competition, but solidarity and communal work

Anarchist Regionalism
- Kropotkin
- Region with communities
- No rulers
- Production of everything that is necessary and useful
- Social life resumed with the greatest energy

, Elisee Reclus (1830-1905)
- Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France
- Supporter of Paris Commune
- 1872: banished from France for political activities
- ‘La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes’: book which laid the
foundations of bioregionalism & anti-imperialism

Science (according to Anarchists)
- Scientists should be like workers

Nijmeegse Stadsnomaden: real-life social-utopian and anarchist community

Sphinx in the City

Leonie Sandercock: The power of (planning) history
- Nations keep their shape by molding their citizens’ understanding of the past
-> Make them forget what was wrong and remember what was right

Planning history -> creating moral & social power to prevent disorder in the city

Past England: typische stedeling was een dronkaard die ruzie zoekt en geld vergokt
-> fear of the city

Sandercock: problems with modernist planning -> planning happens from above (like
superman)

New York: the horror of the slums (1889) -> Jacob Riis (photographer)
- 19th century industrialization & urbanization -> mass migration to cities
- Poverty -> widespread use of low paid, casual work and home-work
- Inability to move
- Incompetent & corrupt local government

Spaces of fear
- Fear of dirt and unhygienic living conditions
- Fear of disease
- Fear of disorder
- Fear of (unaccompanied) women in public space
- Fear of colonial subjects in public space (Suriname, etc.)
- Fear of gays in public space
- Fear of the dangerous classes (unemployed, socialist, etc.)
- Fear of insurrection & revolution

Emil Zola – book ‘Nana’ (1880)
- Nana is a prostitute who occupied the public space
- “Sphinx in the city”

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