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Summary Philosophy of the Humanities: English Language & Culture

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This is a complete summary of the articles, powerpoints, and the lecture notes, as well as the seminars. It also contains the correct answers for the assignments from week 1 - 7. This summary is for the compulsory course Philosophy of the Humanities.

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  • Nee
  • Chapters covered in the course philosophy of the humanities
  • 9 december 2017
  • 17 december 2017
  • 62
  • 2018/2019
  • Samenvatting

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

W EEK 1
Lecture 1

 The Aristotelian sciences form a coherent whole of concepts, logical and metaphysical
principles, and statements in the different sub-disciplines. They feature a teleological, that
is, goal-directed, notion of explanation. Taken together, they constitute a coherent
conceptual framework or scheme, individual parts of which were difficult to replace in
isolation.

 The Renaissance humanists tried to recover the original versions of (mostly pagan) literary
texts from antiquity. Their work valued rhetorical eloquence, contained secularizing
tendencies, and received a far wider diffusion due to the novel technology of printing.

 The seventeenth-century ‘scientific revolution led to a wholesale rejection of the
Aristotelian sciences. Thus, it not only created a dominant approach to physics, but also
an influential novel understanding of scientific knowledge more generally. As a result,
central aspects of Aristotelianism were rejected, in favor of a new, mechanistic world
view, and of a new, empiricist conception of scientific knowledge.

 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) gives the classical formulation of the so-called subject-object
scheme. He shows that ‘empirical knowledge’ requires the active effort of a
transcendental subject. Kant thus completes a ‘Copernican revolution’ in epistemology:
where earlier philosophers saw knowledge as revolving around the known object, Kant
sees knowledge as centered around the knowing subject.

 March for Science: there is no alternative to facts
o Donald Trump who states global warming is a hoax
o The world is still flat even though science has proved otherwise
 When is science accepted and seen as good science?
o Philosophy of Science: normative/descriptive
 Normative changed to descriptive over the centuries
 Epistemology (branch of philosophy that studies what knowledge is
and how knowledge claims can be justified). How are these related to each other?
 Standard / classical image of science: formulated theories based on
experience or facts, containing universal laws represented in charts or graphs
(standard). Originated in the scientific revolution
 A.Holznienkemper: there is a social side to science which makes knowledge biased sometimes
 Science/Humanities:
o Wissenschaft/Geisteswissenschaften
o Wetenschap/Geesteswetenschappen
 Important historical dimension to the course
 What is knowledge?
 Different cultures and different knowledge formations
 P.C. Snow, 1959

, Aristotelian Science:
o Dominant up until the science revolution, mixed with Christian ideas which
made it untouchable until the revolution
o Aristotle made the distinction between 3 sorts of knowledge:
 Theoretical knowledge: unchanging things in the world
(mathematics, metaphysics etc.) Natural sciences
 Practical knowledge
 Poetical knowledge
o Need to be placed in a deductive system: syllogism - they need a guided
system
 All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore:
Socrates is mortal
 Distinction between Earth and the things around it

 Empirical graphs
 Induction: empirical observation of a limited number of cases
 The four causes:
o Material
o Formal - Aristotelian science places emphasis on this cause
o Efficient - modern science puts emphasis on this cause
o Final
 Goal-directed change: teleological; strive to achieve your goal
 Copernicus:
o Instrumentalist interpretation
 View of scientific theories as instruments for observation and
predictions

 Galilei:
o Realist
o An accurate theory describes the world as it is
o Mathematical realism
o Rejects the theological view
o Nature is a giant machine
o Mechanistic and mathematical branch
 Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)
 Empiricist and experimental branch:
o Francis Bacon: do not be biased, observe nature carefully, strong focus on
experiments, can be conducted in artificial context
 Novum Organum
 Against human disputes, not about rhetoric etc., you have to
overcome nature by doing experiments

,  Penetrate further into nature
o Robert Boyle
o Isaac Newton:
 Axiomatic system
 Laws of motion:
 Objet either remains moving or it remains motionless unless
a force is enacted upon the object (basic law of physics)
 Force = Mass * Acceleration
 One body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on
the first body
 Mathematics and experiments: system of laws can be formulated
 David Hume:
o Knowledge is gathered through two perceptions:
 Relations of ideas (analytic) = analyzing statements, basic true or
false statements because of the meaning of the terms.
 Matters of facts (synthetic) = based on facts, "this rose is red" -
generate new knowledge. Only based on our senses / sensory knowledge
 A priori - analytic statements
 A posteriori - synthetic statements based on experience
 Induction: reach general conclusions based on observations you
have made. 'Problem of induction': how can observations lead to conclusions?
 Are all crows black? Have you seen all crows? -No
 Deduction: opposite of induction
 Causality: how can we say that one event causes another event?
Conjunction of events, relation of events. We can not see causality, but we can see
a conjunction of events.
 Habit of our mind. Psychological solution. But not in
philosophical terms it is not satisfying
 It is not an empirical fact, cannot be seen by empirical
observation

 Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
o Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781): enormous influence on the philosophical
sciences
o Fundamental ordering principles are a priori themselves
 Structure of reason:
 Forms of intuition (space and time)
 Categories (causality etc. coincidence…)
 Our reason itself is formed in this structure of reasoning
o We cannot think outside of these fundamentals : that means that we do not
have access to things themselves (dinge an sich)
o Transcendental subject: makes all empirical knowledge possible

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