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Population and development book summary (W.T.S Gould, 2015)
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Introduction: population is a development issueBox 0.1: the millennium development goals
>The principle outcome of the 2000 United Nations Millennium Summit was the establishment
of eight development goals. The main goal, to which all the others directly contribute, is MDG1,
the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, and by 2002 each of the eight goals has been
refined to specify 19 more specific targets on themes and sub-themes. These specified targets
were set to be pursued by member states by 2015 in seeking to eradicate poverty and hunger,
and the work of the UN and its various agencies has since 2002 been directed to meeting these
related targets in all their activities.
>the MDGs, taken as a whole, have addressed the problems of global poverty in an integrated,
practical, easily recognised and well documented way:
Eradicating extreme poverty continues to be one of the main challenges of our time, and
is a major concern of the international community. Ending this scourge will require the
combined efforts of all, governments, civil society organizations and the private sector, in
the context of a stronger and more effective global partnership for development. The
Millennium Development Goals set timebound targets, by which progress in reducing
income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion - while
promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental sustainability - can be
measured. They also embody basic human rights - the rights of each person on the
planet to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible
and, together with the comprehensive United Nations development agenda, set the
course for the world’s efforts to alleviate extreme poverty by 2015.
>although the MDGs offer a global agenda of operational targets, locally appropriate targets
need to be set for each country.
>the MDGs and their targets as a consistent and global focus of development efforts have
proved valuable for achieving as well as setting targets.
>Goals:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) Achieve universal primary education
3) Promote gender equality and empower women
4) Reduce childhood mortality
5) Improve health
6) Combat AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7) Ensure environmental sustainability
8) Develop a global partnership for development
-------------------------
>the World Bank: the largest development agency
Development
>reducing poverty and raising the quality of life of the population
>for the MDGs taken as a whole, population change, specifically falling mortality and fertility
levels and migration, largely through urbanisation, is integral to ‘development’.
,Population
= is an aggregate and is concerned with:
- Its size (number of people) and its rate of change, generally growth occasionally decline.
- Its internal structures of age and sex (as a biological construct rather than ‘gender’, as a
social construct), of how youthful and ageing population structures emerge, and how and
why these have different development implications.
- Its geographical distribution and how that distribution can change as a result of both
different rates of natural growth (the balance of births and deaths) and also through
migration, both internally within countries and at the international scale.
- Its ability as a result of its skills and knowledge base and its culture to contribute to its
own economic and social well-being.
The scope of population/ development relationships
>the relationships between population and development are of cause and effect in both
directions.
>the relationships are reflexive; there is a flow of causality from population to development
(Malthus, Boserup, Simon) and also from development to population (Demographic Transition
Theory).
>mortality and fertility (natural population change)= demographic transition theory
>mobility: through transportation technologies: longer distances, easiers and cheaper.
- New spatial patterns of development create new zones of attraction.
>development is more than about raising incomes - it must also be about giving individuals the
opportunity to make choices about their lives, based on their skills, concerns and wishes.
Population studies and development studies
Development studies
> after WO, with the creation of the UN and the Bretton Woods Institutions, the International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in 1945.
Chapter 1. Population and development: the core issues in historical perspective
>at its core the relationship between population and development is primarily, though not
exclusively, an economic one. It is about the aggregate consumption and production of
resources, and the balance between consumption and production.
>Populations consume ‘resources’
- The economy concerns the production of all these resources
>the essence of ‘development’ has been that this resource has been consistently expanding.
>per capita production (=the average amount of any resource available per person in the
population), and not merely gross production, needs to be sustained where there is population
growth.
>where the number of people is growing, the normal expectation is that additional resources
will be sought to at least sustain the population at these same per capita levels.
>thus population growth becomes identified as a critical problem for development, for
production as well as for consumption
, >global levels of living have been rising over many centuries, but most rapidly and more
obviously during the last two centuries.
>yet such positive historical experience of per capita development being greater than population
growth may not necessarily apply to all populations at all time periods.
>the reflexive relationship between population and development have always been important for
human groups.
- For example: the earliest hunter-gatherer societies → life was nasty, brutish
and short
- Or settled agricultural populations →low levels of technology and food
security together with high levels of poverty and recurring disease epidemics
limited the scope for long-term population growth and long-term
development.
- Or modern industrial societies → large numbers of people living at high levels
of development.
>however, a growing gap between rich and poor regions of the world is all too evident.
- Between the Global North and the Global South
Global population change
>Global population: 7.25billion (UN, 2014) → but this large size is a very recent
phenomenon.
>within the long period of very slow growth there were probably in most regions many short
periods - of only one year or perhaps a generation - of absolute decline, associated with famine
or disease.
- E.g. The Black Death
- or HIV/AIDS pandemic, from 1981 an estimated 35million people died from it globally
>at the end of any millennium the population was probably never more than 5% greater than it
had been at the beginning of that millennium, and may even have been smaller
>birth rates were also high, probably with an average of about five life births per woman over
her lifetime, which is much the same as in the contemporary population of highest fertility.
- Biological and social constraints, together identified as the ‘proximate determinants of
fertility’= human do not breed to their maximum potential, but at levels far below it.
- Most women normally had between about four or eight children per woman in prehistoric
and historical populations
>age at marriage does vary from one population to another, and may change over the long term
within populations. This may result in some long-term fluctuations in fertility.
>human populations in the past, even more than in the present time, were characterised by very
sharp variations in overall densities, with a few areas of high and growing densities surrounded
by very large areas that were almost devoid of settled populations.
>the global population growth of the last three centuries that has resulted in a more than tenfold
increase and an apparently exponential growth curve is clearly unprecedented.
- Driven by major changes in mortality and fertility regimes and locally by migration.
- These have fundamentally altered not only the growth and geographical distribution, but
also the age and sex structures of populations.
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