Samenvatting

Summary Study Design and Interpretation in Epidemiology and Public Health

1 keer verkocht

Vak
(HNH31006)

Instelling
Wageningen University (WUR)

Boek
Essential Epidemiology

Summary Study Design and Interpretation in Epidemiology and Public Health HNH31006. Including notes of the 'refresh knowledge' clips, all the e-modules, lectures, studyclips and chapters of the Essential Epidemiology book. (Essential Epidemiology and instruction for students and health profes...

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Heel boek samengevat? Nee
Wat is er van het boek samengevat? Chapter 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11
Geupload op 10 december 2023
Aantal pagina's 100
Geschreven in 2023/2024
Type Samenvatting

epidemiology
studydesign
cohort
casecontrol
confounding
bias
ratio
prevalence
incidence
validity
error
effect modification
causation
hill
meta analysis

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Summary Study Design and Interpretation
in Epidemiology and Public Health
2023-2024
Table of content
Week 1 + Week 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Clip| Cohort study ............................................................................................................................... 3
Clip | Case-control ............................................................................................................................... 5
Clip | Prevalence.................................................................................................................................. 6
Clip | Incidence.................................................................................................................................... 6
Clip | Relation between prevalence and incidence ............................................................................. 7
Clip | Ratio measures .......................................................................................................................... 7
Clip | Confounding: what is it? ............................................................................................................ 8
Clip | Confounding: verify criteria ....................................................................................................... 9
Clip | Effect modification: what is it? .................................................................................................. 9
Clip | Introduction to information bias ............................................................................................... 9
Clip | Introduction to selection bias .................................................................................................. 10
Clip | Study designs in analytical epidemiology ................................................................................ 10
E-module: Cohort study..................................................................................................................... 12
E-module | validity ............................................................................................................................ 14
E-module | external validity .............................................................................................................. 14
E-module | selection error ................................................................................................................ 17
E-module | information error............................................................................................................ 30
Chapter 4 Healthy research: study designs for public health p. 114 – 126 ....................................... 36
Chapter 5 Why? Linking exposure and disease p. 156 – 160 ............................................................ 40
Friday reflection week 1 .................................................................................................................... 43
Friday reflection week 2 .................................................................................................................... 45
Week 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 7 - All that glitters is not gold: the problem of error (p. 187-200) ....................................... 46
Chapter 7 - All that glitters is not gold: the problem of error (p. 200-214). ...................................... 49
Theory reading | Confounding .......................................................................................................... 55
Chapter 8 - Muddied waters: the challenge of confounding p. 217-244 .......................................... 57
E-module | effect modification ......................................................................................................... 67

1

, E-module | Confounding and Effect modification (1) ....................................................................... 68
E-module | Confounding and Effect modification (2) ....................................................................... 69
E-module | confounding exercises .................................................................................................... 69
Friday reflection week 3 .................................................................................................................... 70
Week 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 71
E-module | Study size calculations .................................................................................................... 71
Week 5 + Week 6 ................................................................................................................................... 76
Clip | why causation is relevant......................................................................................................... 76
Clip | causal inference based on counterfactuals ............................................................................. 76
Clip | Rothmans model for causality ................................................................................................. 77
Clip | Causal thinking is not easy: an intriguing question ................................................................. 79
Clip | Relative risks are not a fact of nature but depend on background risk ................................... 79
RR and the role of other component causes ..................................................................................... 81
Lecture systematic reviews and meta-analyses ................................................................................ 81
Chapter 10 – Who sank the boat? Association and causation p. 269-286 ........................................ 86
Chapter 11 – Assembling the building blocks: reviews and their uses p. 288-303 ........................... 91
Friday reflection week 5 .................................................................................................................... 94
Extra | Misconceptions case-cohort and nested case-control .............................................................. 95
Extra | Lecture confounding and effect modification ........................................................................... 96
Extra | Similarities observational studies and meta-analysis .............................................................. 100

The chapters included are from Essential Epidemiology and instruction for students and health
professionals 3rd edition. ISBN: 9781316275948.

Week 1 + Week 2
Refresh knowledge

Clip | Epidemiology: an academic and applied science
Epidemiology in academic setting is about analyzing patterns and causes – to analyse and understand
the patterns. Focus is on generating knowledge on things that are generally applicable.

• Validity and precision – causation
• Relevant to mankind, anytime, anyplace
• The right side of the below figure

Epidemiology in public health setting is also about using this information for prevention in population
– through policies, programs and interventions. This earlier knowledge is applied from the academic
setting.

• Generalizability and importance
2

, • Best practice
• Relevant to me, here and now
• Left side of the below figure

Clip| Cohort study

Biggest advantage – you grow older with your cohort.

Follow the population overtime until disease develops with people who are exposed and
nonexposed. The exposure proceeds the outcome (the disease) – gives a good indicator about the
causality of the relationship.

Purpose of a cohort study:

• To evaluate the occurrence (incidence) of disease in a carefully defined group of people
(monitoring) – prospective.
• To investigate the causes of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health
outcomes (etiology – compare the exposed to the nonexposed). To compare disease
occurrence between exposed and unexposed.

Measurements of exposure and outcome:

• At baseline
− Exposure status
− Covariates: variables that are possible related with the exposure/outcome

3

, • During follow up
− Disease outcome – count the number of disease
− Update information on exposure and covariates

Compare the occurrence of disease in people with and without exposure – incidence proportion or
rate among exposed and incidence proportion or rate among unexposed (incidence proportion or
incidence rate).

Relative risk (RR)

Incidence proportion alcohol consumers = 10/110

Incidence proportion non-alcohol consumers = 15/100

Historical cohort study

The position of the researcher is different. With a cohort, the researcher collects data at baseline and
grows older with the study. With a historical cohort study, the researcher starts at the end – he
identifies a population and observes the incidences as they occur, but goes back to archives to
retrospectively find the previous exposure. Requires good records of past exposures and those long
follow-ups can best be avoided.

Strengths cohort study

• Time sequence can be determined – causality
• Multiple outcomes/risk factors – sub analysis

4

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