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Adolescent development HC5

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  • 21 februari 2018
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Adolescent development HC 5


Family relationships during adolescents – Stefenos Mastrotheodoros

Family relationships
 Family systems theory: framework
 Subsystems (6 in a family with 4 members)
o Parental subsystem
o Childrens subsystem
o Parent-child system
 Two principles:
o Each subsystem affects other subsystems
o Disequillibrium
o So: What happens to one subsystem affects another subsystem (parental
conflict affects parent-child relationships) and sometimes there exists a
disequillibrium, for instance if an adolescent doesn’t do well at school, it
affects the parent-child relationship.

Family relationships – parents
 Adolescence, typically during parents’ entrance in midlife  challenges
 Most often, midlife is a good stage for parents:
o Personality becomes more stable.
o Marital satisfaction increases.
o More time for self, and couple.
o Better job conditions (stable salary).
 But significant variations exist.
o If midlife crisis is experienced by the parents (reevaluating their previous life
and choices), then the parent-adolescent relationship will go through more
strain.

Family relationships – siblings
 5 patterns of relationships between siblings:
o Caregiver relationship: one sibling serves a parental role.
o Amicus relationship: treat each other as friends.
o Critical relationship: high level of conflict and teasing.
 Most common!
o Rival relationship: competition and measure of success against one another.
o Casual relationship: not emotionally intense; little to do with one another.
 Conflict with siblings is the most common conflict than any other family relationship,
for adolescents.
 Sibling conflict is lower in adolescence than in the previous stage.
o Because the adolecent spends more time outside the household.
 On the mean level, adolescents rate closeness with siblings as lower to that with
friends, and parents.
 However, the “favourite” sibling (in case there are more than one), is rated in
closeness as high as the best friend.
 Siblings in divorcing families experience both higher conflict, and higher closeness.
Example of how interparental dyad affects the sibling subsystem.
 Only children – not experienced dethronement.

Relationships with extended family member
Nuclear family: parents and children
 Cultural differences, related to family structure

, Adolescent development HC 5


 Grandparents
o Often adolescents report as much time spent with grandparents as with their
parents, but relationship with the grandparents may be reported to be better –
parents also have to exert authority and set rules.
 Even in Western (majority) cultures, adolescents report (very) positive relationships
with their grandparents.
o Grandparents don’t have the responsibility to be strict on the children, they
can spoil them (Greek saying: your grandchild is your child x 2)

Parenting styles
 Parenting: the behaviours, cognitions (e.g., beliefs), and emotions parents have in
relation to nurturing their children (e.g., Bornstein 2015).
o So it’s whatever parents do and think towards their children
 Two broad dimensions:
o Demandingness (control, setting limits)
 “You have to be back at 8 pm.”
o Responsiveness (closeness, support)
 “What do you think about this decision?
 Four parenting styles, based on these dimensions.
o Authoritative: high demandingness; high responsiveness; have rules and
apply them; clear consequences; explain the rationale behind rules; loving and
warm.
o Authoritarian: high demandingness; low responsiveness; require obedience,
punish disobedience; little emotional attachment; possibly hostile.
 Doesn’t explain the reason behind the rules
o Permissive: low demandingness; high responsiveness; no clear rules and
expectations; “unconditional” love; believe discipline may harm the child.
 “Unconditional”, because rules are setting limits about what love is
given.
o Disengaged: low demandingness; low responsiveness; minimal investment to
children.
 Parenting styles and autonomy
o All but authoritarian promote independence and autonomy.
 Parenting styles and adolescent adjustment.
o Most favourable adjustment children of authoritative parents.
o Children of authoritarian parents: dependent; passive; conforming.
o Permissive: immature; irresponsible; easy to be affected by peers.
o Disengaged: impulsive; more problem behaviors;
 Reciprocal effects (e.g., Keijsers et al., 2010).
o Also known as child effects
o Not only do parent influence their children, but children influence their parents
as well (remember the interdependence from the family system theory)

Research example
 Solisidation and control  parental factors
 Disclosure from information adolescent factors
 Which predicts delinquency? Adolescents disclosure!

Parenting styles in differental cultures
 Authoritative style: rare in non-western cultures
 High demandingness is common, but different in quality. Parental authority is clear
and accepted; parents are obeyed; no reason for rules should be given.

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